Phenology of Migration and Decline in Colony Numbers and Crop Hosts of Giant Honeybee (Apis dorsata F.) in Semiarid Environment of Northwest India

Table 2

Crop hosts of the giant honeybee in the semiarid environment of Northwest India.

Crop host	Flowering time	Source (P, N)	p/nt
(1) Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)	Sep-Oct	P, N, 2	p3
(2) Toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria)	Oct-Nov	P, N, 2	p3
(3) Edible leafy mustard (Brassica juncea Czern. & Coss)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 1	p3
(4) Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L. D.)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 2	p3
(5) Rape (Brassica napus L.)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 2	p3
(6) Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 2	p3
(7) Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 2	p3
(8) Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 2	p3
(9) Salad rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.)	Dec–Mar	P, N, 2	p3
(10) Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.)	Dec–Feb	P, N, 1	p3
(11) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)	Feb-Mar	P, 2	p3
(12) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)	Feb-Mar	P, N, 2	p4
(13) Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.)	March	P, N, 2	p3
(14) Kinnow (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa)	March	P, N, 2	p3
(15) Peach (Prunus persica) (L.) Stokes	March	P, N, 2	p3
(16) Onion (Allium cepa L.)	Mar-Apr	P, N, 2	p3
(17) Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)	Mar-Apr	P, N, 2	p4
(18) Sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.)	Mar–May	P, N, 2	p3
(19) Berseem/clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)	Mar–May	P, N, 2	p3
(20) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)	Mar–Oct	P, N, 2	nt 3
(21) Guava (Psidium guajava  L.)	Apr-May	P, N, 2	p3
(22) Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(23) Ribbed gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(24) Bath sponge (Luffa cylindrica L.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(25) Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(26) Apple gourd (Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(27) Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(28) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.))	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(29) Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(30) Kheera (Cucumis sativus L.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(31) Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir.)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4
(32) Petha (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn)	Mar–Nov	P, N, 2	p4

P = pollen source; N = nectar source; 1: major crop of the region; 2: minor crop of the region; p: foragers acted as pollinators, nt: foragers acted as nectar thieves; 3: frequent visitor; 4: occasional visitor.