Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases: Old and New Approaches

Table 1

Diagnostic tools for the detection of specific blood-borne parasitic diseases.

	African trypanosomiasis	Babesiosis	Chagas disease	Leishmaniasis	Malaria	Toxoplasmosis
	Trypanosoma brucei	Babesia microti	Trypanosoma cruzi	Leishmania species	Plasmodium species	Toxoplasma gondii
MICROSCOPY	[23]	[10]	[11]	[12]	[13]	—
SEROLOGY-BASED ASSAYS	—	—	—	—	—	—
ELISA	[24, 25]	[26]	[27–30]	—	—	[31]
FAST-ELISA	—	—	—	—	[32, 33]	—
Dot-ELISA or Dipstick	[34]	—	[35]	[2, 18]	—	—
RIPA-ELISA	—	—	[36, 37]	—	—	—
DHA or IHA	[38]	—	—	[18]	—	—
DFA or IFA	[39]	[40, 41]	—	—	[42]	[43]
Immunoblot	—	—	[44, 45]	—	—	[46]
PRISM	—	—	[47]	—	—	—
RDT	—	—	[48]	—	[49]	—
MOLECULAR-BASED ASSAYS	—	—	—	—	—	—
PCR	[23]	[50, 51]	[52–54]	[55]	[56]	[57, 58]
RT-PCR	[59]	—	—	[60–62]	[4, 56]	[63]
QT-NASBA	—	—	—	[64]	[65, 66]	—
RT-QB-NASBA	—	—	—	—	[67]	—
LAMP	[68]	—	[69]	—	[70–74]	—
Luminex	—	—	—	—	[75]	—
PCR-ELISA	—	—	—	[62, 76]	[77–79]	—
OC-PCR	[80]	—	—	[81]	—	—
PROTEOMICS	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mass Spectrometry (LDMS, MALDI-TOF, SELDI-TOF)	[82, 83]	—	—	—	[84–86]	—

FAST-ELISA: Falcon assay screening test; RIPA-ELISA: radioimmunoprecipitation assay; DHA or IHA: direct or indirect hemagglutination assay; DFA or IFA: direct or indirect immunofluorescence assay; RDT: rapid diagnostic test; LIPS: luciferase immunoprecipitation system; CATT: Card Agglutination test for Trypanosomiasis; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction; QT-NASBA: quantitative nucleic acid sequenced-based amplification; RT-QT-NASBA: real-time quantitative nucleic acid sequenced-based amplification; LAMP: loop-mediated isothernal amplification; OC-PCR: oligochromatography Polymerase chain reaction; LDMS: laser desorption mass spectrometry; MALDI-ToF: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight; SELDI-Tof: surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight, IFA: immunofluorescent assay, EIA: Enzyme immunoassay, RT-PCR: Real time PCR, IB: immunoblot.