Cardiac Autonomic Control Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Chagas' Heart Disease

Figure 3

Sympathetic activation and cardiac remodelling in chagas disease. Norepinephrine serum levels are directly related to the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index. Patients with normal-sized left ventricles have no increased serum levels of norepinephrine. Thus, sympathetic activation is secondary to the process of cardiac remodelling (see [32], adapted with permission from Elsevier).