Stunting as a Risk Factor of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Children: A Literature Review

Table 4

Summary of laboratory findings in various studies.

Type of disease	Laboratory Findings	Effect Size	-value	Ref
Stunting	Alpha 1-antitrypsin median (μg/g):	β^a = 0.41	0.044	[27]
	Stunting = 236.6
	Normal = 151.4
	The proportion of IgA-coated bacteria in feces is higher.	N/A	0.029	[31]
Ascariasis	Retinol binding protein <0.7 mg/L	aPR^b = 2.20		[22]
	Geometric mean EPG (eggs per Gram):			[17]
	7–9 months = 1.1
	12–14 months = 2.4
	Geometric mean EPG = 2.2			[24]
	EPG is higher in stunted children under five years of age.	IRR^c = 0.15	<0.001	[20]
Trichuriasis	Geometric mean EPG:			[17]
	7–9 months = 1.1
	12–14 months = 3.1
	Geometric mean EPG = 1.3			[24]
Hookworm infection	EPG is higher in the second infection in stunted children under five years of age.	IRR = 0.49	<0.06	[20]
	Geometric mean EPG:			[17]
	7–9 months = 1.1
	12–14 months = 1.0
	Geometric mean EPG = 1.0			[24]
Ascariasis/Trichuriasis coinfection	Ferritin <12 mg/L	aPR = 3.28		[22]
Environmental enteropathy	The intestinal inflammatory biomarker myeloperoxidase decreased as the age increased.	Coefficient: −0.29	0.002	[28]

^aRegression coefficient. ^bAdjusted prevalence ratio. ^cIncidence rate ratio.