Review Article

The Modes of Evolutionary Emergence of Primal and Late Pandemic Influenza Virus Strains from Viral Reservoir in Animals: An Interdisciplinary Analysis

Table 1

Evolutionary and anthropological events that ultimately gave rise to the emergence and proliferation of influenza type A strains within humans.

EventTime (approximate)OriginReference

Evolutionary emergence of first RNA viruses3.5 billion years agoPrimeval biosphere [6]
Evolutionary emergence of first wild ducks65 million years agoArchaic waterfowl [7]
Evolutionary emergence of first influenza A virusUnknownPresumably wild duck intestine [8]
Evolutionary emergence of first hominids3.6 million years agoAfrica [9]
Domestication of wild boar8000 BCChina [10]
Domestication of red junglefowl8000 BCVietnam [11]
Introduction of domestic junglefowl (chicken)6000 BCChina [11]
Domestication of wild duck (mallard)5000 BCChina [12]
Rise of first pandemic influenza strains4000 BCChina (conceivably) [13]
Domestication of wild horse3500 BCKazakhstan [14]
Domestication of wild turkey1000 BCMexico [15]
Domestication of wild quail1100China [16]
Introduction of pigs into America1539Mexico Gulf coast [17]