EURASIP Journal on Information Security
Volume 2007 (2007), Article ID 75961, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2007/75961
Research Article
Audio Watermarking through Deterministic plus Stochastic Signal Decomposition
1Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Stanford University, Palo Alto 94305, CA, USA
2Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 North 30th Street, Omaha 68131, NE, USA
Received 1 May 2007; Revised 10 August 2007; Accepted 1 October 2007
Recommended by D. Kirovski
Abstract
This paper describes an audio watermarking scheme based on sinusoidal signal modeling. To embed a watermark in an original signal (referred to as a cover signal hereafter), the following steps are taken. (a) A short-time Fourier transform is applied to the cover signal. (b) Prominent spectral peaks are identified and removed. (c) Their frequencies are subjected to
quantization index modulation. (d) Quantized spectral peaks are added back to the spectrum. (e) Inverse Fourier transform and overlap-adding produce a watermarked signal. To decode the watermark, frequencies of prominent spectral peaks are estimated by quadratic interpolation on the magnitude spectrum. Afterwards, a maximum-likelihood procedure determines the binary value embedded in each frame. Results of testing against lossy compression, low- and highpass filtering,
reverberation, and stereo-to-mono reduction are reported. A Hamming code is adopted to reduce the bit error rate (BER), and ways to improve sound quality are suggested as future research directions.