Abstract

We consider the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations and obtain some regularity criteria via the velocity gradient (or the vorticity, or the deformation tensor) and the temperature gradient.

1. Introduction

Consider the following three-dimensional (3D) Boussinesq equations: Here, is the fluid velocity, is a scalar pressure, and is the temperature, while and are the prescribed initial velocity and temperature, respectively.

When , (1) reduces to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The regularity of its weak solutions and the existence of global strong solutions are challenging open problems; see [13]. Initialed by [4, 5], there have been a lot of literatures devoted to finding sufficient conditions to ensure the smoothness of the solutions; see [618] and so forth. Since the convective terms are similar in Navier-Stokes equations and Boussinesq equations, the authors also consider the regularity conditions for (1); see [1923] and so forth.

Motivated by [7], we will consider the regularity criteria for (1) and extend the result of [7] to the case of Boussinesq equations.

Before stating the precise result, let us recall the weak formulation of (1).

Definition 1. Let , , and . A measurable pair is said to be a weak solution of (1) in , provided that (1), , ; ;(2)(1)1,2,3 are satisfied in the sense of distributions;(3)the energy inequality for all .

Now, our main result reads the following.

Theorem 2. Let with in the sense of distributions, . Suppose that is a weak solution of (1) in , and then the solution .

Due to the divergence-free condition of the fluid velocity , we have Thus, Here, is the Riesz transformation.

Using (5), we can deduce easily from Theorem 2 the following.

Corollary 3. Let with in the sense of distributions, . Suppose that is a weak solution of (1) in , and or then the solution . Here, is the vorticity and + is the deformation tensor (the symmetric tensor of the rate of strain).

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall the definition of Besov spaces and the related interpolation inequalities. Section 3 is devoted to proving Theorem 2.

2. Preliminaries

We first introduce the Littlewood-Paley decomposition. Let be the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing functions. For , its Fourier transform is defined as

Let us choose a nonnegative radial function such that and let For , the Littlewood-Paley projection operators and are, respectively, defined by Observe that . Also, it is easy to check that if , then in the sense. By telescoping the series, we have the following Littlewood-Paley decomposition: for all , where the summation is in the sense.

Let ; ; the homogeneous Besov space is defined by the full dyadic decomposition such as where is the dual space of

The following interpolation inequality will be needed in Section 3: See [24] for the proof.

3. Proof of Theorem 2

In this section, we will prove Theorem 2.

Multiplying (1)1 by and (1)2 by , integrating over , and summing up, we obtain

Invoking Hölder inequality, (17), and Young inequality, we may bound as For , we use Hölder inequality to dominate as Finally, can be estimated similarly as ,

Substituting (19), (20), and (21) into (18), we gather Gronwall inequality together with (3) then implies that Then, we may use standard energy method to drive high-order derivative bounds, which would imply by Sobolev embedding theorems, as desired.

The proof of Theorem 2 is completed.

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Zujin Zhang was partially supported by the Youth Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20132BAB211007) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11326138).