Research Article

Dynamics of Single-City Influenza with Seasonal Forcing: From Regularity to Chaos

Figure 8

Moderate environmental forcing. Seasonal forcing (18) combined with loss of individual immunity (Figure 4; Figure 1, 𝑘 r e c = 1 day−1). The system is initially in a steady state without forcing (Figure 4(b)); forcing is applied after 1 year. The effects of seasonal forcing on the basic reproductive rate 𝑅 0 (20) are shown (right-hand 𝑦 -axis). Increases in mean annual air temperature 𝑇 a i r , m e a n increase the level of forcing ((18), (19), Figure 6(a)). 𝑅 0 is the mean annual value of 𝑅 0 .
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