Review Article
The Stemness Phenotype Model
Table 5
External (microenvironmental) modulators of stemness.
| Factor | Cell line (cancer) | Effect on stemness | Reference |
| Extracellular ATP | Gliomas | | [69] | High energy metabolites (lactate and ketones) | MCF-7 (breast) | | [70] | Hypoxia and the hypoxic microenvironment | Prostate, brain, kidney, cervix, lung, colon, liver, and breast tumors | | [71–74] | Hepatocyte growth factor | Colon | | [75] | VEGF | Skin | | [76] | VEGF | Gliomas | | [77] | Nitric oxide | Gliomas | | [78] | Retinoic acid | Gliomas | | [79] | ROS | Breast | | [80] | Conditioned medium | DU145 | or depending on the media | [81] |
| | Non-cancer | | |
| Hypoxia | Embryonic stem cells | | [82] | Hypoxia | Human embryonic stem (hES) cells | | [83] |
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