Review Article

The Stemness Phenotype Model

Table 5

External (microenvironmental) modulators of stemness.

FactorCell line (cancer)Effect on stemnessReference

Extracellular ATPGliomas [69]
High energy metabolites (lactate and ketones)MCF-7 (breast) [70]
Hypoxia and the hypoxic microenvironmentProstate, brain, kidney, cervix, lung, colon, liver, and breast tumors [7174]
Hepatocyte growth factorColon [75]
VEGFSkin [76]
VEGFGliomas [77]
Nitric oxideGliomas [78]
Retinoic acidGliomas [79]
ROSBreast [80]
Conditioned mediumDU145 or depending on the media[81]

Non-cancer

HypoxiaEmbryonic stem cells [82]
HypoxiaHuman embryonic stem (hES) cells [83]