Review Article
Control of Bleeding in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Current Concepts to Improve Hemostasis
Table 4
Controlled bleeding techniques in endoscopic endonasal surgery.
| Situation | Source | Technique |
| Artery | | | Low-flow bleeding |
Small perforating vessels Small arteriole | Bipolar electrocautery | Hemostatic biomaterial agents | High-flow bleeding |
Medium to large artery | Bipolar electrocautery | Clips | Angiography embolization |
| Venous | | | Low-flow bleeding | Bleeding from mucosa, bone | Warm saline irrigation Drilling with diamond bur or applied bone wax with pledget (if presented focal bleeding from bone) | Focal bleeding from venous sinus | Hemostatic biomaterial agents | High-flow bleeding | Venous sinus bleeding | Hemostatic biomaterial agents |
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