Review Article

Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Due to Pufferfish and Gastropods, and Their Intoxication Mechanism

Table 1

Symptoms of TTX poisoning.

DegreeCharacteristic symptoms

FirstNeuromuscular symptoms (paresthesia of lips, tongue, and pharynx; taste disturbance; dizziness; headache; diaphoresis; pupillary constriction); gastrointestinal symptoms (salivation, hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, hyperemesis, hematenesis, hypermotility, diarrhea, abdominal pain)
SecondAdditional neuromuscular symptoms (advanced general paresthesia; paralysis of phalanges and extremities; pupillary dilatation, reflex changes)
ThirdIncreased neuromuscular symptoms (dysarthria; dysphagia, aphagia; lethargy; incoordination, ataxia; floating sensation; cranial nerve palsies; muscular fasciculations); cardiovascular/pulmonary symptoms (hypotension or hypertension; vasomotor blockade; cardiac arrhythmias including sinus bradycardia, asystole, tachycardia, and atrioventricular node conduction abnormalities; cyanosis; pallor; dyspnea); dermatologic symptoms (exfoliative dermatitis, betechiae, blistering)
FourthRespiratory failure, impaired mental faculties, extreme hypotension, seizures, loss of deep tendon and spinal reflexes