Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation for Desalination of Groundwater: A Review

Table 1

Average limit of groundwater toxic contaminants available in different states of India [9].

Sr. No.	Indian state	Characteristic limit in groundwater (mg/L)
		Fluoride	Iron	Arsenic	Nitrate
1	Andhra Pradesh	1.5–3.8	1.1–8.43	NA	46–1110
2	Assam	1.52–6.72	1–10.13	0.052–0.147	NA
3	Bihar	1.7–2.62	1.12–10	0.05–1.8	48–228
4	Chhattisgarh	1.5–2.2	1.0–7.5	1.89	46–240
5	Delhi	1.58–4.42	NA	NA	47–218
6	Gujarat	1.5–6.8	1.1–3.24	NA	45–520
7	Haryana	1.5–8.84	1.1–17.78	NA	49–1200
8	Jammu and Kashmir	2.0–2.06	1.3–6.32	NA	45–150
9	Jharkhand	1.6–2.5	1.15–6.8	NA	46–230
10	Karnataka	1.5–4.4	1.0–16.2	NA	46–247
11	Kerala	2.5–5.7	1.0–9.0	NA	NA
12	Madhya Pradesh	1.5–10.7	1.0–6.0	NA	46–279
13	Maharashtra	1.5–4.01	1.06–10.1	NA	45–488
14	Orissa	1.52–4.9	1.1–13.98	NA	46–272
15	Punjab	1.54–8.33	1.0–25.0	NA	45–944
16	Rajasthan	1.5–35.15	1.0–16.5	NA	45–1005
17	Tamil Nadu	1.51–3.8	1.49–2.93	NA	45–654
18	Uttar Pradesh	1.5–2.96	1.03–6.24	0.05–0.195	46–848
19	West Bengal	1.5–9.1	1.0–17.3	0.05–3.0	46–81
20	Andaman Nicobar	NA	NA	NA	NA
21	Goa	NA	1.0–2.0	NA	NA
22	Manipur	NA	1.8–16.52	NA	NA
23	Meghalaya	NA	1.29–7.2	NA	NA
24	Tripura	NA	1.02–5.23	NA	NA
25	Himachal Pradesh	NA	NA	NA	45–65
26	Uttarakhand	NA	NA	NA	46–81