Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in COPD Men

Table 1

Factors independent of bone mineral density that increase fracture risk in men [2].

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(A) Primary factors

(i) Previous fragility fracture after 40 years of age, especially vertebral compression fractures*

(ii) Systemic glucocorticoid therapy⁺ of ≥3 months’ duration

(iii) Advancing age, especially past 65 yr

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(B) Other key factors

(i) Presence of disease or a condition associated with bone loss

(ii) Family history of osteoporotic fracture

(iii) High alcohol intake: >2 units (i.e., >18 g) of alcohol daily

(iv) Hypogonadism, primary or secondary

(v) Low BMI (<20 kg/m²) associated with bone loss

(vi) Smoking, current or past

(vii) Use of LHRH analogs (antiandrogen therapy)

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LHRH: luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone, BMI: body mass index.
*Height loss of ≥6 cm or kyphosis may be a clinical sign of a vertebral compression fracture;
⁺The equivalent of ≥7.5 mg/d of prednisone.