Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in COPD Men

Table 2

Secondary causes of bone loss in men [2, 6].

Common	Less Common
Cushing’s syndrome or corticosteroid therapy (e.g., >5 mg/day for >3 months)	Low BMI (<20 Kg/m^2) and eating disorders associated with decreased BMI
	Lack of exercise or excessive exercise
Excessive alcohol use	Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone, carbamazepine)
Primary or secondary hypogonadism
Low calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency	Thyrotoxicosis or thyroxine overreplacement
Smoking	Primary hyperparathyroidism
Family history of minimal trauma fracture	Chronic liver or kidney disease
	Malabsorption, including celiac disease
Chronic lung disease	Hypercalciuria
	Rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis
		Type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus
	Multiple myeloma or other monoclonal gammopathies
		HIV or its treatment with protease inhibitors
	Mastocytosis
	Organ transplantation or immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporine and tacrolimus)
		Osteogenesis imperfecta

BMI: body mass index (defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters).