Results and Complications of 1104 Surgeries for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

Table 5

Complications of surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency in several publications.

Author(s), publication time	Number of patients	Diagnosis	Mean age	Type of operation	Complications
Valniček et al. 1994 [36]	219 (1985–1992)	VPI	9.6 years	Sup.based flap	bleeding: 18, reintub: 3,; airway obstruction: 20,; OSAS: 9, death: 1
Pena et al. 2000 [37]	88 (1983–1997)	VPI		Flap palatoplasty	airway obstruction: 7,; OSAS: 1, apnea: 1, death: 1, aspiration: 2
Sie et al. 2001 [38]	48	CP, VPI syndromes	6.5 years	Furlow	palatal fistula: 2
Hofer et al. 2002 [39]	275 (10 years)			Sup. and inf. based flap	bleeding: 2, reintub.: 1, dehiscence of flap: 9
Nakamura et al. 2003 [40]	15	CP, VPI		Intravelar veloplasty	partial flap necrosis: 2
Morita et al. 2004 [41]	18	CP, VPI	children	Sup.bas.flap	OSAS: 2, tracheot.:1
Chegar et al. 2007 [42]	54 (1996–2003)	VPI	children	Sup.bas.flap	bleeding: 3, transf: 1, snoring: 4, OSAS: 0
Cole et al. 2008 [43]	222	VPI	6.4 years	Sup.phar. flap	infection: 1, bleeding: 3, OSAS: 5
Keuning et al. 2009 [33]	130	VPI		Sup.bas.flap	bleeding: 1, dehiscences: 3
Ysunza et al. 2009 [44]	29 (2000–2007)	VCFS		Flap: 20, Sphincter: 9	no complications
Leuchter et al. 2010 [45]	18 (2004–2007)	mild VPI		Augmentation, diff. implants	hematoma: 1,; cervical pain: 1
Sullivan et al. 2010 [46]	104 (1981–2008)	CP, VPI	8.6 years	Sup.bas.flap	OSAS: 2
Kilpatrick et al. 2010 [47]	36 (2003–2009)	CP,VCFS	8.1 years	Sphincteroplasty	fever: 2, bleeding: 1,; allergy: 1, O2 therapy: 4