Local Labor Market Fluctuations and Physical Activity among Adults in the United States, 1990–2009
Table 3
Estimated associations between local labor market conditions and physical activity by gender, age group, and race/ethnicity, 1990–2009.
Hours of physical activity per month
Any physical activity in the survey month
Hours of physical activity per month among existing exercisers (hours > 0)
Hours of physical activity per month among regular exercisers (hours ≥ 10)
Gender
Male
−0.1895***
0.0007
−0.2588***
−0.2551***
(0.0532)
(0.0006)
(0.0626)
(0.0730)
Female
−0.1840***
−0.0001
−0.2450***
−0.2709***
(0.0338)
(0.0005)
(0.0458)
(0.0575)
Age group
18–34
−0.1931**
0.0016*
−0.2910***
−0.2483**
(0.0597)
(0.0006)
(0.0728)
(0.0854)
35–49
−0.1642**
0.0004
−0.2192***
−0.2086**
(0.0473)
(0.0006)
(0.0599)
(0.0731)
50–64
−0.1813***
−0.0001
−0.2215***
−0.2270**
(0.0437)
(0.0007)
(0.0591)
(0.0784)
≥65
−0.2408***
−0.0012
−0.3239***
−0.4151***
(0.0488)
(0.0007)
(0.0691)
(0.0853)
Race/ethnicity
White
−0.1926***
0.0001
−0.2523***
−0.2679***
(0.0341)
(0.0005)
(0.0408)
(0.0506)
African American
−0.0953
−0.0023
−0.0601
0.0784
(0.0897)
(0.0015)
(0.1359)
(0.1734)
Asian or Pacific Islander
0.3511**
0.0056***
0.2702
0.2796
(0.1238)
(0.0014)
(0.1607)
(0.2259)
Other race or multi-race
−0.5704***
−0.0018
−0.6878**
−0.7283**
(0.1596)
(0.0015)
(0.2101)
(0.2678)
Hispanic
−0.0753
0.0022
−0.2371
−0.2833
(0.0745)
(0.0012)
(0.1253)
(0.1577)
Income group
$25,000 or less
−0.2519***
−0.0030**
−0.2347**
−0.1933*
(0.0617)
(0.0010)
(0.0723)
(0.0845)
$25,001–$35,000
−0.0331
0.0002
−0.0188
0.1404
(0.0567)
(0.0007)
(0.0660)
(0.0792)
$35,001–$50,000
−0.1682**
0.0001
−0.1992*
−0.2857**
(0.0633)
(0.0011)
(0.0794)
(0.0909)
$50,001 or more
−0.1836***
−0.0055***
−0.0446
−0.0231
(0.0321)
(0.0005)
(0.0427)
(0.0564)
Note. (a) Individual data is from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1990–2009 waves. (b) Monthly county unemployment rate is from US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. (c) Income is based on annual county per capita income from the US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. It is converted to the 2009 US dollar using the all-items consumer price index from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. (d) The treatment variable in all models is monthly county unemployment rate. (e) All models are OLS and control for individual characteristics (i.e., gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, and marital status) and county and year/month fixed effects. (f) Estimated standard error of coefficient is in parentheses. Eicker-Huber-White sandwich estimator is used to calculate standard error clustered at county level. (g) *, **, ***.
