Research Article
Modeling, Analysis, and Intelligent Controller Tuning for a Bioreactor: A Simulation Study
Table 4
Performance evaluation for unstable region.
| Algorithm | PID parameters | Iteration number | Reference tracking | | | | | ISE | IAE |
| MOPSO | −0.5499 | −0.0638 | −0.2018 | 58 | 7.143 | 2.673 | BFO | −0.5374 | −0.0702 | −0.0537 | 85 | 5.903 | 2.429 | PSO | −0.491 | −0.0501 | −0.1201 | 52 | 11.54 | 3.397 |
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