Pregnancy-Related Maternal Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Table 2

Frequency distribution (percent) of pregnancy-related factors among case and control groups.

Variables	Group	Yes	No	OR (95% CI)	Fisher’s exact test	𝑃 value
Somatic disease	ADHD	21 (12.8%)	143 (87.2%)	3.91 (1.5–9.9)	𝜒^2=9.27	0.002
	Control	6 (3.7%)	160 (96.4%)
Psychiatric disorder	ADHD	27 (16.5%)	137 (83.5%)	16.1 (3.7–69.1)	𝜒^2=23.96	0.001
	Control	2 (1.2%)	164 (98.8%)
Alcohol and cigarette exposure	ADHD	15 (9.1%)	149 (90.9%)	4.1 (1.3–12.5)	𝜒^2=6.9	0.009
	Control	4 (2.4%)	162 (97.6%)
Cesarean section	ADHD	103 (62.8%)	61 (37.2%)	3.0 (1.9–4.7)	𝜒^2=24.53	0.001
	Control	59 (35.5%)	107 (64.5%)
Trauma to the abdomen	ADHD	8 (4.9%)	156 (95.1%)		𝜒^2=2.41	0.14
	Control	3 (1.8%)	163 (98.2%)
X-ray exposure	ADHD	3 (1.8%)	161 (98.2%)		𝜒^2=1.03	0.37
	Control	1 (0.06%)	165 (99.4%)
Infections	ADHD	3 (1.8%)	161 (98.2%)		𝜒^2=0.13	1.000
	Control	4 (2.4%)	162 (97.6%)
Dysentery	ADHD	0 (0%)	164 (100%)		𝜒^2=4.0	0.12
	Control	4 (2.4%)	162 (97.6%)
Bleeding	ADHD	6 (3.7%)	158 (96.3%)		𝜒^2=0.44	0.54
	Control	4 (2.4%)	162 (97.6%)
Preeclampsia	ADHD	6 (3.7%)	158 (96.3%)		𝜒^2=0.27	0.78
	Control	8 (4.9%)	158 (96.3%)
Unwanted pregnancy	ADHD	25 (15.2%)	139 (83.7%)		𝜒^2=0.06	0.88
	Control	27 (16.3%)	139 (83.7%)
Attempted abortion	ADHD	3 (1.8%)	161 (98.2%)		𝜒^2=1.6	0.33
	Control	7 (4.2%)	159 (95.8%)