Phylogenetic Analysis of the Subtribe Ageroniina with Special Emphasis on Hamadryas (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with an Identification Key to the Species of Hamadryas

Table 1

Characters justifying the grouping of species and genera. WinClada ver. 1.00.08 was used to map character changes on the three in Figure 2. DFW: dorsal forewings, DHW: dorsal hindwings, VFW: ventral forewings, VHW: ventral hindwings.

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Clade 1: (B. hypochlora + (H. arete + (H. laodamia + H. velutina)))

 (2 : 1) Absence of two submarginal ocelli on DHW

 (22 : 1) Absence of submarginal ocelli on DHW

Clade 2: (H. arete + (H. laodamia + H. velutina))

 (3 : 1) Existence of sex patch on DHW

 (4 : 1) Presence of red submarginal spots in VHW

 (18 : 1) Ventral wings with blue iridescent reflectance

 (29 : 1) Existence of red spots around humeral vein in VHW

 (33 : 1) Presence of white in dorsal forewings of females only in the diagonal medial band

 (42 : 1) Red markings on ventral area of thorax

Clade 3: (H. chloe + H. albicornis)

 (7 : 1) Forewings with M₃-Cu₂ veins extended more than the others

 (8 : 1) DFW with two red maculae inside discal cell

Clade 4: (H. atlantis + (H. chloe + H. albicornis))

 (44 : 0) Spiral organ on forewings sub coastal vein short and thick

 (51 : 1) Vinculum of male genitalia does not have anterior projection

Clade 5: (H. amphichloe + (H. feronia + H. iphthime))

 (46 : 1) Distal point of the arm of the gnathos pointing to the uncus

Clade 6: (H. februa + H. glauconome)

 (56 : 1) Uncus overlaps with clasper

Clade 7: (H. epinome + (H. guatemalena + (H. Fornax + (H. Alicia + (H. amphinome + (H. belladonna + (H. rosandra + H. arinome)))))))

 (35 : 0) Absence of double concentric ocelli on DHW from Cu₁ to Cu₂

Clade 8: (H. amphinome + (H. belladonna + (H. rosandra + H. arinome)))

 (49 : 1) Point of the arm of the gnathos not acute

 (50 : 1) Arm of the gnathos finishing in a thick triangle

 (64 : 0) Posterior point of the saccus thicker than the rest

Clade 9: (H. belladonna + (H. rosandra + H. arinome))

 (39 : 1) No sexual dimorphism present in the way that discal cell close on the Forewings

Clade 10: (((H. atlantis + (H. chloe + H. albicornis)) + (H. amphichloe + (H. feronia + H. iphthime))) + ((H. februa + H. glauconome) + (H. epinome + (H. guatemalena + (H. Fornax + (H. Alicia + (H. amphinome + (H. belladonna + (H. rosandra + H. arinome)))))))))

 (15 : 1) Existence of color white or gray inside DFW discal cell

 (20 : 1) Hindwings distal border serrated

 (21 : 1) VHW with white marginal spots between veins

 (25 : 1) VHW submarginal ocelli intercalated large ones with smaller ones

 (35 : 1) DHW with two or three concentric ocelli in sub-margins from Cu₁ to Cu₂

 (36 : 1) Presence of a depression followed by an outward curve on the costal vein at the end of the discal-cell of forewings

 (37 : 1) Females without diagonal wide and regular white band on DFW

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