Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Participants of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Table 1

Baseline comparison of demographics and cardiovascular risk factors between “Never MetS”, “Always MetS”, “MetS new onset” and “MetS resolution” groups.

Risk factors at baseline	Mean and SD and counts and percentages				Overall P value	Multiple comparisons
	Never MetS (𝑛=121)	Always MetS (𝑛=52)	MetS resolution (𝑛=28)	New onset MetS (𝑛=33)
Age (years)	66.2±10.3	64.5±8.3	65.3±7.4	62.9±7.7	0.295	—
Sex (male)	98 (81%)	41 (79%)	24 (86%)	29 (88%)	0.689	—
Family history of CVD	40 (33%)	16 (31%)	7 (25%)	15 (45%)	0.360	—
Coronary artery bypass surgery	45 (37%)	20 (38%)	8 (29%)	10 (30%)	0.723	—
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiogram	47 (39%)	14 (27%)	12 (43%)	13 (39%)	0.401	—
Diabetes	8 (6%)	20 (38%)	9 (32%)	7 (21%)	<0.001	<0.001
						(0≠1,2,3)
						(3≠1,2)
Previous myocardial infarction	62 (51%)	24 (46%)	12 (43%)	23 (69%)	0.121	—
TC (mmol/L)	4.38±0.89	4.66±0.99	4.43±0.73	4.48±0.74	0.282	—
LDL-C (mmol/ L)	2.53±0.73	2.59±0.81	2.44±0.58	2.68±0.62	0.582	—
HDL-C (mmol/ L)	1.25±0.31	0.99±0.22	1.01±0.20	1.17±0.28	<0.001	<0.001 (0≠1,2)
						0.024 (1≠3)
Triglycerides (mmol/ L)	1.32±0.66	2.37±0.84	2.15±1.11	1.38±0.50	<0.001	<0.001 (0≠1,2)
						<0.001 (3≠1,2)
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.32±1.58	6.34±1.41	5.99±1.18	5.86±1.30	<0.001	<0.001 (0≠1)
Systolic BP (mmHg)	126±22	134±17	130±27	120±14	0.024	0.020 (1≠3)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	71±10	75±10	72±13	73±10	0.154	—
Body mass index (kg/m²)	25.4±2.9	30.4±4.2	28.6±3.9	27.6±3.1	<0.001	<0.001
						(0≠1,2,3)
						<0.002 (1≠3)
Waist circumference (cm)	86.7±9.0	102.4±11.5	99.8±11.0	95.6±9.1	<0.001	<0.001
						(0≠1,2,3)
						0.013 (1≠3)
Exercise capacity (METS)	10.8±4.4	9.1±2.2	13.8±2.9	10.7±2.3	0.109	—
Leisure time physical activity (kcal/week)	3029±337	2837±1708	3090±558	3219±226	0.894	—
Perceived stress	32±8	31±8	34±9	32±6	0.512	—
Illness intrusiveness	27±11	33±16	36±19	28±13	0.020	0.040 (0≠2)
Health-specific self-efficacy	43±4	42±4	42±6	41±4	0.064	—
Exercise self-efficacy	67±12	70±10	63±13	64±12	0.080	—

CVD: cardiovascular disease, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
One-way ANOVA and Pearson’s chi square for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multiple comparisons were assessed with the Tukey correction. Multiple comparisons: 0: Never MetS, 1: Always MetS, 2: MetS resolution, 3: New onset MetS.
Note: 0≠1 means that Never MetS is significantly different with Always MetS group.