New Alternatives for Atherosclerosis Treatment Based on Immunomodulation

Table 1

Experimental therapies based on immunomodulation of atherosclerosis.

Immunotherapeutic approaches	Lipid-based vaccination strategies	Reference
	Peptide-based vaccine (B-cell-derived CETP epitope combined with a T-helper-cell epitope)	Rittershaus et al., 2000 [19]
	Chimeric peptide (T-helper-cell epitope of HSP65 and a B-cell epitope of human CETP)	Gaofu et al., 2005 [20]
	Vaccination strategies based on epitopes of oxidized LDL
	2D03-IgG, recombinant human antibodies against MDA-ApoB100	Schiopu et al., 2007 [21]
	Xenogeneic polyclonal antibodies against electronegative LDL	Grosso et al., 2008 [10]
	OxLDL-pulsed mature dendritic cells	Habets et al., 2010 [12]
	Peptide of apoB-100 (p210) fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin	Klingenberg et al., 2010 [22]
	Tolerogenic dendritic cells	Hermansson et al., 2011 [14]
	Vaccination with MDA-modified fibronectin	Dunér et al., 2011 [13]
	Heat shock proteins
	Oral and nasal mucosal administration of Mycobacterium HSP60/65	Maron et al., 2002 [23], Van Puijvelde et al., 2007 [24]
	B-cells modulation
	B cell depletion using a CD20-specific monoclonal antibody	Ait-Oufella et al., 2010 [11]
	Therapies based on response-to-retention hypothesis
	Inhibition of LDL-biglycan binding by endostatin	Zeng et al. 2005 [25]
	Inhibition of LDL-GAGs binding by chP3R99 monoclonal antibody	Soto et al., 2012 [15]

CETP: cholesteryl ester transfer protein; HSP: heat shock protein; MDA: malondialdehyde; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; GAGs: glycosaminoglycans.