| First author (country, year) |
Study design | Participants | Sample | Gender (% F, M) | Response rate (%) |
| D’Onofrio (USA, 2002) | Nonrandomized controlled trial | Physicians‡: 100% | 28% F, 72% M | 100 | Indig (Australia, 2009) | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses: 54%; physicians: 46% | Physicians: 44% F, 56% M Nurses: 80% F, 20% M | 30 | O’Rourke (USA, 2006) | Cross-sectional survey | Staff physicians: 66%; residents‡: 34% | 32% F, 68% M | 17 | Huntley§ (UK, 2004) | Cross-sectional survey | Physicians: 100% | NS | 100
| Chung (China, 2003) | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses: 100% | 84% F, 16% M | 32 | Anderson (Scotland, 2001) | Cross-sectional survey | Physicians: 36%; nurses: 63% | Physicians: 9% F, 91% M Nurses: 83% F, 17% M | 57 | Graham (USA, 2000) | Cross-sectional survey | Physicians: 100% | 19% F, 81% M
| 46 | Waller (UK, 1998) | Cross-sectional survey | Physicians: 46%; nurses: 54% | Physicians: 15% F, 85% M Nurses: 78% F, 22% M | 82 | Karlsson (Sweden, 2005) | Mixed method | Interview, ; questionnaire, N = 72 Nurses: 100% | NS | 75 | Nordqvist (Sweden, 2005) | Qualitative | Physicians: 100% | 34% F, 66% M | 100 |
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