Application of Different Analytical Techniques and Microbiological Assays for the Analysis of Macrolide Antibiotics from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biological Matrices

Table 2

Biological matrices multianalyte methods. Biological matrices multianalyte methods

(a)    

Analyte(s)	Matrix	Sample treatment	HPLC column/temperature/mobile phase (v/v)	Detection	Reference
Erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin	Human serum	Liquid-liquid extraction, Diethyl ether	C18 BDS (20 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) + C18 BDS (125 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)/0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate which contains 0.5 mL triethylamine, pH 7.5 : acetonitile (60 : 40)	Fluorescence; λ ex 255 and λ em 315	[31]
Spiramycin, tilmicosin and tylosin	Meat, liver, kidneys, raw milk, and eggs	Solid-phase extraction, cation exchange cartridge	C18 8 × 4 mm, 5 μm + ODS RP 150 × 4 mm, 5 μm; A: phosphate buffer 0.05 mol/L pH 2.5/acetonitrile (80 : 20); B: acetinitrile	MS/MS; UV detection SPI = 320 nm; TIL + TYL = 287 nm	[36, 37]
Erythromycin base; Erythromycin estolate; Erythromycin ethylsuccinate	Urine plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, diethyl ether	Nova-pack C18/56 mM sodium acetate buffer : acetonitrile : methanol (56 : 50 : 4), pH 7.0	Amperometrically	[41]
Rosamicin; Roxithromycin	Urine	Liquid-liquid extraction,; acetonitrile	Symmetry 300 C18 150 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm/25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.7 : water : acetonitrile (625 : 100 : 275)	Amperometrically	[42]
Erythromycin; Azithromycin; Roxithromycin; Clarithromycin	Plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, tert-methyl-butylether	YMC-Pack ODS-AP 250 mm×6.0 mm, 5 μm/30°C/ACN : 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) (43 : 57)	Amperometrically	[43]
Erythromycin A	Plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, diethyl ether	μBondapack C18 300 mm×3.9 mm, 10μm/ambient/acetonitrile : Methanol : 0.2 M sodium acetate (pH 6.7) (40 : 5 : 55)	Coulometrically	[44]

(b)    

Analyte(s)	Sample	Sample treatment	Column and oven temperature	Detection	Reference
Roxithromycin; Oleandothromycin	Urine	Liquid-liquid extraction, acetonitrile	Symmetry 300 C18 150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 𝜇m/25 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.7 :  water : acetonitrile (625 : 100 : 275)	Amperometrically	[45]
Clarithromycin	Plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, 𝑛-hexane : 2-butanol (4 : 1)	Kromasil ODS 75 × 4.6 mm, 5 𝜇m/30°C/acetonitrile : 86 mM phosphate buffer pH 7 (45 : 55)	Coulometrically	[46]
Erythromycin	Plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, tert-methyl-butylether	Ultrasphere C18 250mm×4.6 mm, 5 𝜇m/ambient/acetonitrile : methanol : 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (42 : 10 : 48) pH = 6.3	Coulometrically	[47]
Spiramycin; Dirithromycin; Erythromycin; Josamycin; Kitasamycin; Oleandomycin; Rosamicin; Tilmicosin; Tylosin	Urine	Liquid-liquid extraction, tert-methyl-butylether	Symmetry shield RP8 150 mm×3.9 mm, 5 𝜇m/50°C/; A: 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) : water  :  acetonitrile (12.5 : 687 : 150); B: 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) :  water : acetonitrile (12.5 : 237.5 : 600)	Coulometrically	[48]
Spiramycin I; Spiramycin II	Plasma	Liquid-liquid extraction, tert-methyl-butylether: propanol (95 : 5)	Kromasil C18 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 𝜇m/25°C/ acetonitrile : 10 mM ammonium acetate : acetic acid (35 : 65 : 0.5)	MS/MS detection	[49]