Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the serum and tissue levels and local expression pattern of tenascin, a high molecular weight extracellular matrix protein, in eutopic and ectopic endometrium from patients with and without endometriosis and to compare the proliferative and secretory phase differences. Materials and Methods. Thirty women with endometriosis and fifteen women without endometriosis undergoing surgery for benign indications were included in the study. Serum and tissue levels and proliferative and secretory phase expression patterns of tenascin in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and immunoassays. The results were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results. Tenascin expression was detected in both of eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. In immunohistochemical staining, intense staining of tenascin was observed in glandular cells of eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples of both groups during secretory phase (). Eutopic and ectopic tissue levels of tenascin were higher than serum tenascin levels only secretory phase (). There was no significant difference between groups for tissue and serum levels of tenascin during cycle phases. Conclusion. Tenascin expression showed cyclic change on eutopic and ectopic endometrium.
1. Introduction
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial stromal and glandular cells outside the uterine cavity, mainly in the pelvis [1]. The exact etiology and pathophysiology of the disease is still not clear. The widely accepted theory is retrograde menstruation and implantation of endometrial cells on peritoneal surface [2–4]. Endometriotic cells are capable of attaching to the peritoneal mesothelium, break the peritoneal lining, and destroy extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby invading surrounding tissue [5]. ECM is involved in the regulation of these cellular events, and ECM invasion may be on the critical corner of endometriotic development.
Tenascin is a high molecular weight ECM protein and plays a critical role in tissue regeneration, hyperplastic, and neoplastic processes [6]. Tenascin may have function in angiogenesis by the effect of migration of vascular endothelial cells [7]. Tenascin expression in endometrium is changing under the influence of ovarian steroids during menstruel cycle. The function of endometrial tenascin is not well known but, it is thought that tenascin plays role in endometrial regeneration and endometriotic implantation via cellular adhesion [8]. In this study we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of tenascin in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tissue and Blood Samples
Tissue samples were collected in accordance with the requirements of the Firat University Hospital Ethical Committee between November 2008 and September 2009. Eutopic and ectopic endometrial samples were obtained from 45 women aged 18–40 years, body mass index ranged from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 undergoing laparoscopy for benign indications, who had a regular 26–33 day menstrual cycle and who had received no hormonal medication in the preceding 3 months. Forty-five women classified into two groups; Group I: women who did not have pelvic pathology that was confirmed by ultrasonography and laparoscopy (), Group II: women with endometriosis (ASRM-stage II and III; ). Samples of endometriotic implants and endometriomas were obtained at laparoscopy, and the disease was confirmed by histological examination of the biopsies. Eutopic endometrium was obtained from endometrial biopsies during surgery. Sections of endometrium and endometriosis taken from these samples were examined histologically and assessed for proliferative or secretory endometrial morphological features, using the criteria of Noyes et al. [9]. Forty-five samples of endometrium (22 proliferative, 23 secretory) from 15 women with a normal pelvis and 30 women with endometriosis were used for immunohistochemical and enzyme immunoassay analysis. Samples of endometriosis (16 from women in the proliferative stage and 14 from women in the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle) were obtained from 15 ovarian endometriomas and 15 peritoneal implants. Semiquantitative estimation of tenascin staining was evaluated as an index of staining intensity and distribution. Also 5 mL peripheric venous blood samples were collected for enzyme immunoassay. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient using consent forms.
2.2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Peripheric venous 5 mL blood samples were collected after one-night fasting. After centrifugation of blood samples at 4000 rpm at room temperature for 10 minutes, 20–30 μL aprotinin/mL (400 kallikrein inactivator units, KIU) and 1/10 volume 1 N HCl were supplemented into serum samples. Samples were then stored at −20°C until analysis. Eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples were divided into two parts: formaldehyde embedded-tissue for immunohistochemical analysis and the remaining tissue for ELISA. Approximately 15 mg tissue samples were boiled at 100°C for 5 minutes, then were squashed on iron mold and were homogenised in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (5%, w/v). The homogenised samples were centrifugated at 4000 rpm at room temperature for 10 minutes. For accurate quantification of tenascin levels in tissue samples, 20–30 μL aprotinin/mL (400 kallikrein inactivator units, KIU), and 1/10 volume 1 N HCl were supplemented into tissue samples. Samples were then stored at −20°C until analysis. Tenascin levels of extracted plasma and tissue samples were assayed with Human Tenascin kit (Active; Phoneix Pharmaceuticals, Germany).
2.3. Immunohistochemistry
Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were cut into 5 μm sections and mounted on Poly-L-Lysine slides (Lab Vision Corporation, USA). Slides were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a graded series of alcohol. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by incubation in 3% H2O2 for 10 minutes and was followed by a rinse with PBS. For antigen retrieval, slides were placed in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and were microwaved twice for 5 minutes. Nonspecific binding of the primary antibody was prevented by incubation in Ultra V Bloc. Sections were then incubated with rabbit polyclonal tenascin antibody (ab59469, Abcam Inc.) as primary antibody for 30 minutes at 38°C. Thereafter, sections were washed with PBS and incubated in biotinylated goat antiserum (Lab Vision Corporation) for 10 minutes at 38°C. After rinse in PBS again, the slides were incubated in streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase (SBP) for 10 minutes. The slides were washed with PBS twice for 5 minutes, and then amino-ethyl-carbazole (AEC) was used as chromogene for 10 minutes. Mayer Hematoxylin was used for counter staining. The intensity for tenascin immunoreactivity in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues were semiquantitatively evaluated as positively stained stromal and glandular cells using the following intensity categories: 0 (no staining), 1+ (weak but detectable staining), 2++ (moderate or distinct staining), and 3+++ (intense staining). In each slide, five different areas were evaluated under a microscope with 60 objective magnification for each intensity within these areas were determined by two investigators blinded to the type and source of the tissues. The average intensity of two was used.
3. Statistical Analysis
Power calculation was performed based on previous studies that involved semiquantification of tenascin expression by immunohistochemistry. A sample size of 15 in each group has 80% power to detect a difference between means of 22.07 with a significance level (alpha) of .05. The statistical power analysis was performed using G power 3 programme. Statistical analysis was performed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12.0 (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences in two groups for continous variables were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Differences in two groups for ordinal variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
4. Results
The age, BMI, and waist/hip ratio of patients were as follows: years, kg/m2, and and there was no difference between groups in these parameters (). The serum and tissue levels of tenascin in both of the groups were presented in Figure 1 and Table 1. There was no significant difference between serum and tissue levels of tenascin in both of the groups (). Serum tenascin levels did not show cyclic change, but both of the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue tenascin levels increased during secretory phase and decreased in proliferative phase. Endometrial levels of tenascin were higher than serum levels of tenascin only secretory phase (). Eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue levels of tenascin did not differ between groups (). Immunohistochemical staining of tenascin in eutopic endometrium of both groups were dominant in secretory phase (). But comparison of eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue tenascin staining did not show a significant difference between groups ().
In immunohistochemical staining, intense staining of tenascin was observed in glandular cells of eutopic endometrial tissue samples of both groups during secretory phase (Figure 2). Also endometriotic tissue samples showed intense tenascin staining in glandular cells during secretory phase (). Stromal cells of endometriotic and eutopic tissues showed weak staining for tenascin, so cyclic variation could not be analyzed in their expression levels. Independent of menstruel cycle phase, staining intensity of tenascin was moderate in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues.
4.1. Comments
The present study evaluated the serum and tissue levels of tenascin in eutopic and ectopic endometria. Immunohistochemical and immunoassay results pointed out increased tenascin expression during secretory phase in glandular cells of eutopic and ectopic endometrium. However, the changes in stromal cells were less dynamic than those in glandular cells of both eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Increased tissue levels of tenascin during secretory phase may indicate a paracrine function on endometrium and the influence of ovarian steroids on tenascin expression. The limitations of our study were the small study population and immunohistochemical analysis of tenascin, could be supported with the genetic analysis of tenascin expression.
Invasion, ectopic implantation, and recurrence are the pseudomalignant characteristics of endometriosis. New vessel formation, alteration of cellular immunity response, and apoptosis suppression are the integral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of endometriosis [10]. The occurrence of endometriosis is most common in women of reproductive age and rare after menopause, and estrogen is the inducer of disease [11]. The proliferative effect of estrogen on the endometrium is managed by substances such as growth factors and the ECM, and it is thought that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play a critical role in this process [12]. It has been reported that estrogen has mitogenic effect on endometrial cells [13] and a paracrine interaction between stromal and epithelial cells might play an important role in estrogen-induced endometrial cell proliferation [14]. Therefore, it is likely that the growth regulation of endometriotic cells is controlled by a complex interaction of ECM proteins and sex steroids.
The function of endometrial tenascin is not well known but, it is thought that tenascin affects endometrial regeneration and endometriotic implantation via cellular adhesion [8]. Harrington et al. demonstrated that the distribution of tenascin is widespread in the stroma of endometriotic tissue and expressed at higher levels in proliferative than in secretory endometrium. Tan et al. reported that ectopic endometrial stromal cells significantly upregulated tenascin protein expression levels to a greater extent than the cells from the proliferative phase of normal endometrium with estrogen treatment and tenascin expression was inhibited by cotreatment with estrogen receptor antagonist [15]. But in our study, stromal expression levels were very weak in either eutopic or ectopic endometrial tissue and secretory endometrium showed higher expression levels than proliferative endometrium. And there were no difference between expression level of eutopic and ectopic endometrial glandular and stromal cells. The difference of our results from these two studies may arise from the technical dissimilarity of immunohistochemical analysis.
Nishiura et al. reported that tenascin-C upregulated the expression of MMP-3 in mouse endometrial stromal cells during early pregnancy [16]. Slater et al. observed 2 fold increment in the label of tenascin expression during attachment and implantation period of rat blastocyst [17]. Another investigator reported that tenascin-C expression in the preimplantation period of murine endometrium was under the control of progesterone, possibly by the paracrine and autocrine intervention of IL-1 alpha secreted by epithelial cells and PGE2 and PGF2 alpha secreted by stromal cells [18]. Taguchi et al. studied tenascin expression on endometrial tissue obtained from women with regular menstruation undergoing hysterectomy due to benign uterine disease. They established intense deposition of tenascin fibrils in the ECM of the stroma during proliferative phase and markedly reduction of tenascin expression during secretory phase [19]. Sedele et al. investigated positive tenascin staining in the vascular and glandular basal membranes, stromal cells, and epithelial cells of proliferative, hyperplastic, and neoplastic endometrium [20].
It is thought that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions with the influence of sex steroids play a critical role on endometriosis [11–14]. It is likely that the growth regulation of endometriotic cells is controlled by a complex interaction of ECM proteins and paracrine factors. Similar expression pattern of tenascin in eutopic and ectopic endometrium may indicate that endometriotic lesions share some of the characteristics of the cellular processes involved in the regeneration of endometrium. Presence of tenascin in the ectopic endometrium may point to induction of tenascin by the ectopic epithelium via a factor or factors prevalent in the peritoneal environment of women susceptible to the disease. Tenascin may play a spatiotemporal role for the invasion of peritoneal surfaces by transient expression on ectopic endometrium where ECM degradation is taking place. Thus, it is difficult to explain the proliferative potential of endometriotic epithelia only in terms of the quality or quantity of tenascin.
In conclusion, further studies are needed to investigate the possible effects of tenascin on formation of endometriotic lesions via their paracrine effects on ECM invasion.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the doctors of Firat University Hospital, Department of Gynecology for their provided help during their study. This study was supported by Firat University Scientific Research Foundation.