A Case Study of Nanofiltration Using an Irreversible Thermodynamics-Based Model

Figure 1

Ions and lactose rejection of UF whey versus volumetric flux for NF 200 membrane. Experimental results and ESK model by using GA method simulations. (a) Cl⁻, Na⁺, PO₄₃₋, and SO₄₂₋; (b) Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺; (c) lactose.

(a)

(b)

(c)