Cognition, Behavior, and Respiratory Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Table 2

Comparison of respiratory groups’ neuropsychological performance by cognitive domain.

Measure	Intact respiration	Impaired respiration	P value
Basic orientation
MMSE (1–10)	9.50 (0.86)	9.81 (0.50)	0.15
Working memory and processing speed
VSAT time	91.2 (44.3)	123 (68.2)	0.10
VSAT errors	2.83 (3.11)	3.20 (5.03)	0.79
WAIS-III Digit Span	15.9 (3.53)	16.7 (4.17)	0.55
Trail Making Test, part A	41.1 (22.5)	43.8 (26.3)	0.72
Verbal memory
RAVLT total recall	49.2 (11.1)	46.8 (8.89)	0.45
RAVLT immediate recall	10.6 (3.58)	8.85 (3.31)	0.13
RAVLT delay recall	10.6 (3.02)	9.30 (3.54)	0.22
Visual memory
BVMT-R total recall	19.5 (7.93)	18.6 (7.56)	0.72
BVMT-R delay recall	7.50 (3.62)	7.41 (3.07)	0.93
Language
Semantic fluency (Animals)	18.4 (6.73)	16.4 (4.60)	0.31
Confrontational naming	54.0 (6.82)	55.1 (3.55)	0.61
Visuoconstruction/spatial
Rey-O	30.5 (7.02)	33.0 (8.35)	0.85
WAIS-III Block Design	33.8 (13.5)	33.2 (8.94)	0.89
Executive functioning
WAIS-III Similarities	22.5 (6.61)	22.3 (6.39)	0.91
Trail Making Test, part B	118 (92.6)	124 (78.6)	0.81
Lexical fluency (FAS)	33.7 (14.8)	30.2 (10.3)	0.43
WCST Categories	3.00 (1.83)	3.14 (1.24)	0.78
WCST Perseverative Errors	13.6 (16.3)	11.6 (8.93)	0.64

Note: mean (SD) is given for each variable. Abbreviations are as follows: MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; VSAT: Verbal Sustained Attention Test; WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition; RAVLT:~Rey~Auditory Verbal Learning Test; BVMT-R: Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised; Rey-O: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.