Challenges of Becoming a Scholar: A Study of Doctoral Students' Problems and Well-Being

Table 5

Means and standard deviations (SDs) for stress, exhaustion, anxiety, and lack of interest among students who had considered withdrawing and those who had not. Effect sizes measured with Cohen’s d.

	Had considered withdrawing	Had not considered withdrawing	t (df)	P	Effect
Stress	3.02 (1.2)	2.56 (1.1)	5.158 (604)	.000	small
Exhaustion	3.00 (1.0)	2.51 (0.9)	6.854 (584)	.000	medium
Anxiety	3.09 (1.0)	2.38 (0.8)	9.922 (660)	.000	large
Lack of interest	2.61 (1.2)	1.72 (0.8)	11.666 (661)	.000	large