| | Outlier studies | Chi-square ( value) | Adjusted odds ratio
(95% confidence interval) | Heterogeneity chi-square
(df, value) |
| | GUD versus GDS | | 2.24 (1.63–2.24) | 17.20 (4, .0068) | | Warner | 7.85 (.0051) | 2.65 (1.67–4.18) | 9.35 (3, .0250) | | Hutchinson | 10.08 (.0015) | 1.92 (1.53–2.40) | 7.12 (3, .0681) | | Hutchinson and Warner | 14.87 () (.0006) | 2.15 (1.68–2.74) | 2.33 (2, .3121) | | GDS | | 0.8902 (0.73–1.09) | 47.36 (9, <.0001) | | Bailey | 6.223 (.0125) | 0.9209 (0.75–1.13) | 41.13 (8, <.0001) | | Newell | 9.94 (.0016) | 0.9279 (0.76–1.13) | 37.42 (8, <.0001) | | Seed | 23.54 (<.0001) | 0.9614 (0.81–1.13) | 23.82 (8, .0025) | | Warner | 26.08 (<.0001) | 0.8482 (0.70–1.03) | 21.28 (8, .0065) | | Warner and Seed | 37.30 () (<.0001) | 0.91.47 (0.79–1.07) | 10.06 (7, .1850) | | NSU | | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 39.78 (11, <.0001) | | Lavreys | 4.02 (.0450) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 35.76 (10, <.0001) | | Donovan | 4.24 (.0394) | 0.74 (0.61–0.92) | 35.54 (10, .0001) | | Cook | 5.94 (.0148) | 0.75 (0.61–0.92) | 33.84 (10, .0002) | | Aynaud | 6.25 (.0124) | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | 33.53 (10, .0002) | | Ferris | 12.92 (.0003) | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 26.86 (10, .0027) | | Ferris and Aynaud | 18.78 () (<.0001) | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) | 21.00 (9, .0126) | | Chlamydia | | 0.9099 (0.72–1.15) | 35.53 (13, .0007) | | Hart [165] | 10.83 (.0010) | 0.8605 (0.67–1.10) | 24.70 (12, .0163) | | Laumann | 18.43 (<.0001) | 0.9920 (0.85–1.16) | 17.10 (12, .1460) | | Laumann and Hart | 27.78 () (<.0001) | 0.9362 (0.87–1.00) | 7.75 (11, .7357) | | Gonorrhea | | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 88.81 (25, <.0001) | | Lloyd | 5.23 (.0222) |
1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 83.58 (24, <.0001) | | Hand | 9.16 () (.0102) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 79.55 (23, <.0001) | | Hart [165] | 9.42 (.0021) | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 79.39 (24, <.0001) | | Wilson | 18.26 (<.0001) | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 70.55 (24, <.0001) | | Cook | 30.10 (<.0001) | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) | 58.71 (24, .0002) | | Cook and Wilson | 44.32 () (<.0001) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 44.49 (23, .0669) | | GUD | | 1.6760 (1.39–2.02) | 31.09 (11, .0011) | | Tyndall | 4.21 (.0402) | 1.7326 (1.43–2.10) | 26.88 (10, .0027) | | Warner | 6.48 (.0109) | 1.6492 (1.33–2.05) | 24.61 (10, .0109) | | Barile | 7.64 (.0057) | 1.6308 (1.38–1.92) | 23.45 (10, .0057) | | Gray | 10.33 (.0013) | 1.7581 (1.48–2.09) | 20.76 (10, .0228) | | Gray and Warner | 12.61 () (.0018) | 1.7385 (1.40–2.17) | 18.48 (9, .0300) | | Gray and Barile | 17.73 () (.0001) | 1.7334 (1.51–1.99) | 13.36 (9, .1470) | | Syphilis | | 1.3036 (1.11–1.53) | 67.70 (28, <.0001) | | Todd | 4.18 (.0409) | 1.2766 (1.08–1.50) | 63.52 (27, <.0001) | | Wilson | 4.98 (.0256) | 1.2704 (1.08–1.49) | 62.72 (27, .0001) | | Buvé; Kismu | 5.24 (.0221) | 1.2804 (1.10–1.50) | 62.46 (27, .0001) | | Otieno | 5.37 (.0204) | 1.2685 (1.08–1.49) | 62.33 (27, .0001) | | Gray | 9.05 (.0026) | 1.3439 (1.14–1.58) | 58.65 (27, .0004) | | Hand | 10.95 (.0009) | 1.3467 (1.15–1.58) | 56.75 (27, .0007) | | Cook | 17.52 (<.0001) | 1.2304 (1.07–1.42) | 50.18 (27, .0043) | | Cook and Hand | 27.55 () (<.0001) | 1.2704 (1.11–1.45) | 40.15 (26, .0377) | | Chancroid | | 1.3321 (0.52–1.33) | 59.71 (5, <.0001) | | Lloyd | 4.83 (.0279) | 1.5961 (0.5418–4.7022) | 54.88 (4, <.0001) | | Hand | 11.69 () (.0029) | 1.4490 (0.4186–5.0152) | 48.02 (3, <.0001) | | Rakwar | 14.74 (.0001) | 1.5289 (0.4499–5.1956) | 44.97 (4, <.0001) | | Hart [69] | 52.23 (<.0001) | 0.8177 (0.5092–1.3134) | 7.48 (4, .1128) | | Herpes; simplex virus | | 1.1522 (0.95–1.40) | 152.13 (32, <.0001) | | Van Wagoner | 6.24 () (.0442) | 1.1293 (0.93–1.38) | 145.89 (31, <.0001) | | Laumann | 4.76 (.0291) | 1.1771 (0.97–1.43) | 147.37 (31, <.0001) | | Ferris | 5.68 (.0172) | 1.1735 (0.96–1.43) | 146.45 (31, <.0001) | | Richters | 13.61 (.0002) | 1.1761 (0.97–1.27) | 138.52 (31, <.0001) | | Schneider | 26.18 (<.0001) | 1.1851 (0.98–1.43) | 1.25.95 (31, <.0001) | | Mwandi | 86.28 (<.0001) | 1.0944 (0.94–1.27) | 65.85 (31, .0003) | | Mwandi and Schneider | 99.97 () (<.0001) | 1.1311 (0.98–1.30) | 51.16 (30, .0073) | | Genital Warts | | 0.8275 (0.65–1.04) | 37.07 (14, .0007) | | Oriel | 5.46 (.0194) | 0.7792 (0.69–0.98) | 31.61 (13, .0027) | | Wilson | 6.76 (.0093) | 0.7885 (0.64–0.98) | 30.31 (13, .0042) | | Cook | 11.89 (.0006) | 0.8696 (0.70–1.08) | 25.18 (13, .0218) | | Cook and Wilson | 18.13 () (.0001) | 0.8365 (0.69–1.01) | 18.93 (12, .0901) | | HPV any | | 1.2411 (1.03–1.51) | 39.98 (24, .0215) | | Lajous | 4.09 (.0431) | 1.1962 (0.98–1.45) | 35.89 (23, .0424) | | Vardas | 5.56 (.0184) | 1.2912 (1.05–1.59) | 34.42 (23, .0593) | | Vaccarella | 8.29 (.0040) | 1.1806 (0.99–1.40) | 31.69 (23, .1068) | | Vaccarella and Vardas | 12.77 () (.0017) | 1.2320 (1.02–1.48) | 27.21 (22, .2033) | | HPV high risk | | 1.1611 (0.94–1.45) | 45.27 (24, .0054) | | Oglivie | 4.01 (.0451) | 1.2162 (0.98–1.51) | 41.26 (23, .0111) | | Svare | 4.02 (.0450) | 1.1323 (0.92–1.40) | 41.25 (23, .0111) | | Lajous | 4.86 (.0274) | 1.1192 (0.90–1.39) | 40.41 (23, .0138) | | Vardas | 8.04 (.0046) | 1.2186 (0.98–1.52) | 37.23 (23, .0307) | | Vaccarella | 8.77 (.0031) | 1.1049 (0.91–1.35) | 36.50 (23, .0366) | | Vardas and Vaccarella | 15.74 () (.0004) | 1.1602 (0.95–1.41) | 29.53 (22, .1303) | | HPV high risk selective | | 1.0128 (0.80–1.28) | 28.82 (15, .0164) | |
Aynaud et al. [33] | 4.62 (.0316) | 0.9727 (0.76–1.25) | 24.20 (14, .0433) | | Vardas | 4.20 (.0404) | 1.0564 (0.82–1.37) | 24.62 (14, .0385) | | Vaccarella | 9.92 (.0016) | 0.9553 (0.79–1.15) | 18.90 (14, .1689) | | Vaccarella and Aynaud I | 15.60 () (.0004) | 0.8747 (0.74–1.03) | 13.22 (13, .4306) | | Vaccarella and Vardas | 13.13 () (.0014) | 1.0073 (0.82–1.23) | 15.69 (13, .2664) | | Any STI | | 0.8627 (0.7368–1.0102) | 303.00 (26, <.0001) | | Auvert | 4.55 (.0329) | 0.8425 (0.7182–0.9884) | 298.45 (25, <.0001) | | Seed | 5.63 (.0177) | 0.8732 (0.7432–1.0266) | 297.37 (25, <.0001) | | Uganda | 5.87 (.0154) | 0.8410 (0.7164–0.9873) | 297.13 (25, <.0001) | | Urassa | 15.68 () (.0078) | 0.8846 (0.7379–1.0605) | 287.32 (21, <.0001) | | Gebremedhin | 10.48 (.0012) | 0.8638 (0.7186–1.0383) | 292.52 (25, <.0001) | | Richters | 29.28 (<.0001) | 0.8713 (0.7394–1.0268) | 273.72 (25, <.0001) | | Ferris | 35.50 (<.0001) | 0.8822 (0.7542–1.0319) | 2267.50 (25, <.0001) | | Harbertson | 49.14 (<.0001) | 0.8923 (0.7665–1.0389) | 253.86 (25, <.0001) | | Langeni | 203.41 (<.0001) | 0.8248 (0.7358–0.9245) | 99.59 (25, <.0001) | | Langeni and Ferris | 221.08 () (<.0001) | 0.8442 (0.7554–0.9434) | 81.92 (24, <.0001) | | Langeni and Harbertson | 234.61 () (<.0001) | 0.8519 (0.7700–0.9426) | 68.39 (24, <.0001) | | Any STI without Langeni | | 0.8248 (0.74–0.92) | 99.59 (25, <.0001) | | Richters | 5.92 (.0150) | 0.8344 (0.7374–0.9442) | 93.67 (24, <.0001) | | Gebremedhin | 7.28 (.0070) | 0.8250 (0.7236–0.9406) | 92.31 (24, <.0001) | | Auvert | 7.32 (.0068) |
0.8078 (0.7219–0.9039) | 92.27 (24, <.0001) | | Parker | 9.79 (.0017) | 0.8071 (0.7195–0.9053) | 89.80 (24, <.0001) | | Burundi | 10.37 (.0013) | 0.8030 (0.7182–0.8978) | 89.22 (24, <.0001) | | Ferris | 17.67 (<.0001) | 0.8442 (0.7554–0.9434) | 81.92 (24, <.0001) | | Harbertson | 31.20 (<.0001) | 0.8519 (0.7700–0.9426) | 68.39 (24, <.0001) | | Harbertson and Burundi | 40.87 () (<.0001) | 0.8317 (0.7544–0.9157) | 58.72 (23, <.0001) | | Harbertson and Ferris | 51.08 () (<.0001) | 0.8761 (0.794–0.9602) | 48.51 (23, .0014) |
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