Topological Order: From Long-Range Entangled Quantum Matter to a Unified Origin of Light and Electrons

<table>The topological ground state degeneracies of topologically ordered states depend on the topology of the space, such as the genus <svg height="12.175" id="M126" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 9.8000002 12.175" width="9.8000002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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t-20.5 85q0 74 32.5 145.5t84.5 117.5q40 35 100 58.5t117 23.5q21 0 65 -8q30 -6 44 -6zM456 386q-40 16 -81 16q-29 0 -64 -13q-42 -17 -85 -97q-19 -36 -31.5 -86t-12.5 -86q0 -64 30 -64q20 0 52.5 21t60.5 52q74 81 95 123q26 62 36 134z" id="x1D454"></path></g>
</svg> of two-dimensional closed surfaces.</table>

International Scholarly Research Notices

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Figure 19

Figure 19: Topological Order: From Long-Range Entangled Quantum Matter to a Unified Origin of Light and Electrons 