Sample ACC characteristics Metal species investigated Adsorption assays Reference Commercial ACC Kynol Europe As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.913 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.028 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0 Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.716 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.030 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 3.3 Cr[III] Mn[II] Cu[II] Zn[II] Batch mode Single solute sol.
= 15°C, 35°C
= 0.05–2.9 mM pH = 3.5–6.1 [63 ] Lab-prepared denim-based ACC by H3 PO4 activation at different conditions ACC (
= 600°C, 10 wt% acid conc.):
= 510 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.26 cm3 g−1 Total acidity = 1 mmol g−1 ACC (
= 950°C, 10 wt% acid conc.):
= 1055 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.53 cm3 g−1 Total acidity = 0.48 mmol g−1 Zn[II] Batch mode
= 25°C pH = 3
= 0.30 mM [109 ] Commercial rayon-based ACC: CS 1501; RS 1301 Actitex Co., France CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.665 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.6384 cm3 g−1 ; pHPZC = 7.6 RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.506 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.345 cm3 g−1 ; pHPZC = 9.5 Cu[II] Pb[II] Ni[II] Batch mode Single solute sol.
= 20°C pH = 2–10
= 0.1–1.4 mM [119 ] Commercial PAN-based ACC TC-66 C KoTHmex, Taiwan As-received ACC:
= 973 m2 g−1 ; Dp = 1.79 nm; pHPZC = 4.2 ACC oxidized with HNO3 :
= 730 m2 g−1 ; Dp = 1.83 nm; pHPZC = 2.4 Electrochemically oxidized ACC:
= 730 m2 g−1 ; Dp = 1.83 nm; pHPZC = 2.25 Cd[II] Batch mode
= 25°C pH = 4–6
= 0.05–1.0 mM [120 ] Commercial ACC Spectracarb 2225, Spectra Corp., USA ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.827 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.082 cm3 g−1 ; pHPZC = 7.4 Treated with NaOH and with chelating agent EDTA Co[II], Cu[II], Bi[II], Cd[II], Ni[II], Sr[II], Fe[III], Pb[II], Sb[III], Sn[IV], Zn[II], Ag[I], and Ti[I] Batch mode Single solute sol.
= 25°C pH ~ 7
= 0.47–2 mM [121 , 122 ] Commercial ACC Spectracarb 2225, Spectra Corp., USA ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.827 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.082 cm3 g−1 ; pHPZC = 7.4 Modified by benzo-crown ethers attachment Cr[III] Co[II] Ni[II] Batch mode Single solute sol.
= 30°C pH = 6
= 0.06 mM Cr(III)
= 0.01 mM Co[II]
= 0.02 mM Ni[II] [123 ] Commercial viscose rayon-based ACC Zorflex FM 10 Charcoal Cloth International As-received ACC:
= 1378 m2 g−1 ; dp = 20.5 nm; pHPZC = 6.8 Electrochemically reduced ACC:
= 998 m2 g−1 ; dp = 19.7 nm; pHPZC = 9 Electrochemically oxidized ACC:
= 533 m2 g−1 ; dp = 18.7 nm; pHPZC = 2.8 Cr[VI] Batch mode
= 25°C pH = 4, 6, and 8
= 0.19–9.62 mM [124 ] Commercial ACC HEG Ltd., India
= 1565 m2 g−1
= 0.65 cm3 g−1 Cr[VI] Batch mode
= 10, 25, and 40°C pH = 2–10
= 0.02 – 1.92 mM [125 ] Commercial rayon-based ACC: CS 1501; RS 1301 Actitex Co. CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.665 cm3 g−1
= 96%; pHPZC = 7.6 RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.506 cm3 g−1
= 68.2%; pHPZC = 9.5 Cu[II] Pb[II] Batch mode
= 20°C; pH = 5 Single solute sol.
= 0.1–1.4 mM Cu[II] or Pb[II] Binary solutions: Cu[II] + Pb[II]:
= 0.1–0.7 mM Cu[II] or Pb[II] + Benzoic acid (BA):
= 0.1–0.7 mM metal ions;
= 10 mM BA [126 ] Commercial ACC Kynol Europe As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.905 cm3 g−1
= 0.028 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0 Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.715 cm3 g−1
= 0.030 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 3.3 Cd[II] Batch mode
= 25°C pH = 5
= 0.03–1.33 mM Binary solutions: Cd[II] (
= 0.09 mM) + tannic acid (variable conc.) [127 ] Commercial viscose rayon-based-ACC HEG Ltd., India
= 0.25 cm3 g−1 Acidic surface groups = 2 mmol g−1 Hg[II] Continuous mode column (25 mm ID) Bed depth = 80–150 mm HLR = 3–7 m3 /h/m2 pH = 6
= 0.25–0.75 mM [128 ] Commercial ACC Kynol Europe As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.028 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.913 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0 Oxidized ACC:
= 1636 m2 g−1 ;
= 0.030 cm3 g−1 ;
= 0.716 cm3 g−1 ;
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 3.3 Zn[II] Batch and continuous modes
= 25°C; pH = 5.8–6.2;
= 0.05–2.29 mM Column (9 mm ID) packed with ACC wafers:
= 0.30 mM; pH = 6 Flow rate = 2 mL min−1 [129 ]