International Scholarly Research Notices

Review Article

Development and Environmental Applications of Activated Carbon Cloths

Table 2

Some selected studies involving activated carbon cloths for adsorption of organic pollutants in aqueous phase.
SampleACC characteristicsPollutant speciesAdsorption assaysReference
Commercial rayon-based ACC
CS 1501; RS 1301
Actitex Co., France		CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1; = 0.665 cm3 g−1;
= 96%; pHPZC = 7.6
RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1; = 0.506 cm3 g−1;
= 68.2%; pHPZC = 9.5		22 commercial dyes
Molecular weight:
300–700 g mol−1		Batch and continuous modes
Single solute sol.
= 15°C–35°C
= 0–5 × 10−5 M
pH = 3.5–6.1		[136, 137]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Acid dyes:
acid blue 45
acid blue 92
acid blue 120
acid blue 129		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
pH0 = 5.3–6.7
= 1–4 × 10−2 mM 		[138]
Lab prepared kenaf-based ACC by K2HPO4 physicochemical activation = 1842 m2 g−1 
= 0.850 cm3 g−1 
pHPZC = 7.3		Indigo dyeBatch mode
= 12.5, 20, 27.5, 35, and 42.5°C
pH = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10
= 0.1–1.4 mM		[139]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1;
= 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1;
= 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Cationic surfactants:
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride
benzyltriethylammonium chloride
benzyltributylammonium chloride
benzyldimethyldecylammonium chloride benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride
N-dodecylpyridinium chloride
N-cetylpyridinium chloride		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH = 5.5–5.7
= 0.1 mM		[140]
Commercial ACC Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Anionic surfactants:
benzene sulfonate;
p-toluene sulfonate;
4-octylbenzene sulfonate
4-dodecylbenzene sulfonate 		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH = 7.4, 2
= 0.1 mM		[141]
Commercial ACC Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA 		As-received ACC:
= 2500 m2 g−1 
ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; 
= 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1;
= 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Pesticides:
ametryn (AM)
2-(ethylamino)-4-isopropylamino
-6-methyl-thio-s-triazine ,
Aldicarb (AL) 2-methyl-2-
(methylthio)propionaldehyde o-methylcarbamoyloxime ;
diuron (DR) N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N; N-dimethylurea ;
Dinoseb (DN) 2-(sec-butyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol 		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
= 0.065 mM for kinetic studies
= 0.46 mM;
= 0.55 mM
= 0.09 mM
= 0.14 mM
for isotherms determination		[142]
Commercial PAN-based ACC AW1102
KoTHmex		 = 1140 m2 g−1; = 0.45 cm3 g−1;
dp = 1.93 nmp; pHPZC = 3.8		PentachlorophenolBatch mode
= 15, 25, and 35°C
pH = 6–12
= 0.15–0.81 mM 		[143]
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe		 = 2128 m2 g−1;
= 0.913 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.028 cm3 g−1;
= 1.69 nm;
pHPZC = 8.0		Herbicides:
amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole);
diuron 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)		Batch and continuous modes
Single solute sol.
= 25°C; pH = 7;
(diuron) = 0.13 mM;
(amitrole) = 0.12 mM
Column (9 mM ID) packed with ACC circles:
flow rate = 2 mL min−1 
bed depth = 1–4 cm		[144]
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe		 = 2128 m2 g−1;
= 0.913 cm3 g−1 
= 0.020 cm3 g−1;
= 1.69 nm;
pHPZC = 8.0		Herbicide:
fluroxypyr (FLX)
(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid)
Batch and continuous modes
Single solute sol.
Binary sol.
FLX + tannic acid (TA)
= 25, 40°C; pH = 2–10
Column (9 mM inner diam.) packed with ACC circles:
flow rate = 2 mL min−1; 
bed depth = 1–4 cm;
(FLX) = 0.12 mM;
(TA) = 2 × 10−3 mM		[145–147]
Commercial ACC
Kynol Europe		As-received ACC:
= 2128 m2 g−1; = 0.913 cm3 g−1;
= 1.69 nm; pHPZC = 8.0
ACC heat-treated at 900°C:
= 1876 m2 g−1; = 0.77 cm3 g−1;
= 1.80 nm; pHPZC = 9.0		Herbicide:
amitrole
3-amino-1,2,4-triazole 		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 15–35°C
pH = 3, 5, 7, and 9
= from 0.02 to 1.07 mM		[148]
Lab-prepared viscose rayon-based ACC by CO2 activation Untreated ACC:
= 740 m2 g−1; = 0.18 cm3 g−1; 
= 0.78 nm; pHPZC = 7.14
ACC posttreated with NaOH sol.:
= 755 m2 g−1; = 0.18 cm3 g−1;
= 0.78 nm; pHPZC = 10.12
ACC posttreated with urea sol.:
= 1060 m2 g−1; = 0.25 cm3 g−1;
= 0.93 nm; pHPZC = 8.79		Phenolic compounds:
phenol, 4-nitrophenol		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
Acid pH medium
= n.a.		[149]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp. 		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1; pHPZC = 7.4		Catechol, resorcinolBatch and continuous modes
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
pH ~ 6
= 0.57–0.76 mM		[150]
Commercial ACC Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Aromatic acids:
benzoic acid;
salicylic acid;
p-aminobenzoic acid;
nicotinic acid		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH = 7; natural pH; acid (0.4 M H2SO4); basic (0.1 M NaOH) media
= 0.17–0.18 mM
for kinetic studies		[151]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Anilinic compounds:
aniline,
p-toluidine,
1-naphthylamine,
sodium salt of diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH ~ 6, 0, 13
= 0.10 mM for kinetic studies		[152]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA 		As received ACC:
= 2500 m2 g−1 
ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Phthalic acid and esters:
dimethyl phthalate;
diethyl phthalate;
diallyl phthalate		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
Phthalic acid:
pH ~ 4 (in H20); acid (1 M H2SO4); basic (0.005 M NaOH) media
= 0.24 mM		[153]
Commercial ACC
Spectracarb 2225
Spectra Corp., USA		ACC washed:
= 1870 m2 g−1; = 0.827 cm3 g−1;
= 0.709 cm3 g−1; = 0.082 cm3 g−1;
pHPZC = 7.4		Benzene and
naphthalene sulfonates:
sodium salt of benzene
sulfonic acid;
disodium salt of 1,3-benzene disulfonic acid;
sodium salt of 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid;
disodium salt of 1,5-naphthalene disulfonic acid; trisodium salt of 1,3,(6 or 7)-naphthalene trisulfonic acid		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 30°C
pH ≈ 2–6 		[154]
Commercial PAN-based ACC AW1104
KoTHmex		 = 988 m2 g−1;
= 0.482 cm3 g−1;
dp = 1.95 nm		Phenol (Ph); pyridine (Py);
naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA); pentachlorophenol (PCP); methylene blue (MB)		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
pHPh = 7; pHPy = 10
pHNSA = 3; pHPCP = 7
pHMB = 3
= 0.25–6.33 mM		[155]
Commercial PAN-based ACC AW1104
KoTHmex		 = 1138 m2 g−1;
= 0.59 cm3 g−1;
dp = 1.96 nm		PyridineBatch mode
Single solute sol.
= 15, 25, and 35°C
pH = 3–10
= 0.25 to 10.11 mM		[156]
Commercial rayon-based ACC
Actitex Co., France		CS 1501:
= 1689 m2 g−1; = 0.665 cm3 g−1; = 96%; pHPZC = 7.6
RS 1301:
= 1460 m2 g−1; = 0.506 cm3 g−1; = 68.2%; pHPZC = 9.5		Benzoic acid (BA),
phenol (PH),
p-chlorophenol (PC)		Batch mode;
Single solute sol.
= 25°C
pHBA = 3.8
pHPH = 5.6
pHPC = 5.3
= 0.008–1 mM
Binary solutions:
equimolar 
= 0.008–1 mM		[157]
Commercial phenolic resin-based ACC with increasing degrees of activation
Nippon Kynol, Japan		ACC-15:
= 1137 m2 g−1 
= 0.598 cm3 g−1 
ACC-20:
= 1456 m2 g−1 
= 0.766 cm3 g−1 
ACC-25:
= 2014 m2 g−1; = 0.842 cm3 g−1		Taste- and odor-causing compounds:
2-methyl isoborneol (MIB), geosmin (GEO)
trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol 		Batch mode
Single solute sol.
= 25°C; pH = 7;
(MIB, GEO) = 1 × 10−3 mM
Multisolute solutions:
MIB + GEO;
MIB or GEO + humic acid (HA);
MIB + GEO + HA 
(HA) = 10 mg L−1 
(MIB) =
6 × 10−4 mM–2.33 mM 
(GEO) =
1 × 10−3 mM–1.10 mM		[158]
: BET surface area; = total pore volume; = mesopore volume; : micropore volume; : mean micropore width; dp = average pore diameter (4 / ); pHPZC: pH at the point of zero charge; : initial concentration.