Research Article
Sunflower Methyl Ester as an Engine Fuel: Performance Evaluation and Emissions Analysis
Table 2
Properties of test fuels and the reference diesel according to ASTM standards.
| Property | Method | Specifications | Reference diesel | Sunflower ME | Soybean ME |
| Flash point, °C | D93 | 130 min. | 128 | 192 | 199 | Water and sediment, %vol | D2709 | 0.050 max. | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | Kinematic viscosity, 40°C, mm2/s | D445 | 1.9–6.0 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 4.7 | Sulfur, ppm | D5453 | 15 max. | Unknown | Unknown | 4 | Cetane number | D613 | 47 min. | Unknown | Unknown | 55 | Cloud point, °C | D2500 | Report | −35 | 2 | −6 | Carbon residue, %mass | D4530 | 0.050 max. | Unknown | Unknown | 0.01 | Acid number, mg KOH/g sample | D664 | 0.50 max. | 0.04 | Unknown | 0.19 | Distillation temperature, °C | D1160 | 360 max. | Unknown | Unknown | 329 | Oxidation stability, hours | EN14112 | 3 min. | Unknown | Unknown | 7.2 | Gross heating value, MJ/kg | D4809 | Report | 42.7 | 38.2 | 38.8 |
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