Food Insecurity Experiences Predict Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in the USA
Table 3
Estimates from subject-specific models of the effects of very low and low food security experiences on the number of servings of fruit and vegetables consumed by children during previous 7 daysa, b, c. -Coefficients and P values.
Outcome
Very low food security (0-1)
Low food security (0-1)
BMI (kg/m2)
Physical exercise (d/week)
Television watching (min/d)
Fruit
All
5670
2.37 (0.153)
2.33 (0.007)
0.017 (0.854)
0.2108 (0.017)
0.0018 (0.153)
Boys
2750
2.67 (0.309)
2.52 (0.041)
0.210 (0.133)
0.2700 (0.038)
0.0035 (0.030)
Girls
2920
1.62 (0.259)
2.22 (0.046)
−0.143 (0.188)
0.1519 (0.147)
−0.0004 (0.828)
Green salad
All
5670
0.84 (0.088)
0.59 (0.234)
0.030 (0.458)
0.1166 (0.012)
−0.0003 (0.674)
Boys
2750
0.93 (0.186)
0.72 (0.221)
0.053 (0.238)
0.0869 (0.176)
−0.0003 (0.709)
Girls
2920
1.09 (0.136)
0.56 (0.481)
0.0001 (0.999)
0.1476 (0.029)
−0.0002 (0.744)
Carrots
All
5670
1.50 (0.032)
0.43 (0.357)
0.045 (0.356)
0.1265 (0.008)
−0.0005 (0.384)
Boys
2750
1.52 (0.137)
0.93 (0.183)
0.190 (0.001)
0.0664 (0.256)
−0.0006 (0.446)
Girls
2920
1.71 (0.049)
0.17 (0.777)
−0.095 (0.172)
0.1639 (0.028)
−0.0006 (0.468)
Potatoes
All
5670
2.39 (0.009)
−0.21 (0.712)
−0.030 (0.414)
0.0077 (0.877)
0.0013 (0.036)
Boys
2750
1.69 (0.195)
−0.39 (0.703)
−0.002 (0.967)
0.0837 (0.343)
0.0013 (0.067)
Girls
2920
3.08 (0.004)
0.01 (0.982)
−0.057 (0.242)
−0.0668 (0.134)
0.0011 (0.286)
Other vegetables
All
5670
1.22 (0.287)
−0.0002 (0.999)
0.013 (0.830)
0.1856 (0.008)
−0.0004 (0.627)
Boys
2750
1.71 (0.303)
−0.24 (0.853)
0.064 (0.409)
0.0892 (0.368)
0.0012 (0.184)
Girls
2920
0.76 (0.560)
0.41 (0.671)
−0.064 (0.440)
0.2648 (0.007)
−0.0021 (0.179)
Very low food security is defined as 8–18 affirmative responses and low food security is defined as 3–7 affirmative responses on the USDA Household Food Security Survey Module. P values are adjusted for within-child correlation among repeated observations, and longitudinal ECLS-K sampling weights adjusted for oversampling and nonresponse. Controlling for number of siblings, household size, a series of household income category indicator variables, a series of parental education level indicator variables, an indicator variable for spring 2007, and county-level characteristics measuring income per capita, annual unemployment rate, and Food Stamp Program recipients per capita.
