Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada

Table 6

The earnings impact of job-education mismatch—whole population.

	OLS	RE	BE
Years of required education	0.108***	0.105***	0.115***
	(0.00746)	(0.00609)	(0.00752)
Years of over-education	0.0264***	0.0241***	0.0223***
	(0.00525)	(0.00536)	(0.00585)
Years of under-education	−0.0214***	−0.0206**	−0.0192**
	(0.00789)	(0.00808)	(0.00859)
Age	0.0384***	0.0429***	0.0348***
	(0.00872)	(0.00729)	(0.00802)
Age square	−0.000489***	−0.000521***	−0.000438***
	(0.000115)	(9.04𝑒−05)	(9.94𝑒−05)
Visible minority	−0.0658***	−0.0561**	−0.0416
	(0.0251)	(0.0272)	(0.0280)
English/French is mother tongue	0.170***	0.176***	0.174***
	(0.0370)	(0.0362)	(0.0382)
Full time foreign experience	0.0280	0.00462	0.0301
	(0.0267)	(0.0310)	(0.0321)
Foreign experience is recognized	0.279***	0.292***	0.283***
	(0.0239)	(0.0263)	(0.0281)
Married	0.0252	0.0213	0.0467
	(0.0298)	(0.0303)	(0.0317)
Part time	−0.978***	−0.975***	−0.995***
	(0.0292)	(0.0210)	(0.0313)
Experience in Canada	0.00375***	0.00367***	0.00431***
	(0.000241)	(0.000201)	(0.000493)
Education and recreational	−0.0442	−0.0926*	−0.100*
	(0.0489)	(0.0493)	(0.0514)
Fine art	−0.00152	−0.0730	−0.0668
	(0.144)	(0.0899)	(0.0902)
Humanities	−0.0532	−0.0362	−0.00256
	(0.0521)	(0.0528)	(0.0546)
Social sciences	−0.0375	−0.0527	−0.0493
	(0.0414)	(0.0470)	(0.0488)
Commerce	0.00567	−0.00140	0.00446
	(0.0294)	(0.0357)	(0.0371)
Agriculture	−0.112	−0.0736	−0.0148
	(0.0718)	(0.0775)	(0.0799)
Engineering	0.0292	0.00780	0.0103
	(0.0302)	(0.0367)	(0.0382)
Health	−0.0200	−0.0321	−0.0583
	(0.0566)	(0.0679)	(0.0704)
Mathematics	0.190***	0.171***	0.171***
	(0.0536)	(0.0522)	(0.0543)
Family class	−0.000245	−0.0236	−0.0571
	(0.0566)	(0.0521)	(0.0527)
Skilled workers	−0.00710	−0.0176	−0.0409
	(0.0555)	(0.0507)	(0.0510)
Provincial nominees	−0.0588	−0.137	−0.194
	(0.0924)	(0.119)	(0.125)
Refuges	−0.0652	−0.121**	−0.140**
	(0.0659)	(0.0594)	(0.0591)
Quebec	−0.0157	0.00117	−0.00276
	(0.0308)	(0.0337)	(0.0357)
Ontario	−0.0387	−0.0415	−0.0576**
	(0.0244)	(0.0266)	(0.0284)
Western	−0.0236	−0.0272	−0.0551
	(0.0327)	(0.0344)	(0.0366)
Atlantic	0.185	0.101	0.0574
	(0.117)	(0.0967)	(0.113)
Male	0.146***	0.167***	0.159***
	(0.0205)	(0.0221)	(0.0232)
Constant	3.725***	3.695***	3.710***
	(0.172)	(0.148)	(0.168)
Observations	201123	9338	9338
𝑅-squared	0.393		0.430
Number of id		4168	4168

Standard errors are in parentheses. ***𝑃<0.01, **𝑃<0.05, *𝑃<0.1.