Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada

Table 7

The earnings impact of job-education mismatch by gender.

	Males			Females
	OLS	RE	BE	OLS	RE	BE
Years of required education	0.100***	0.0958***	0.118***	0.120***	0.115***	0.108***
	(0.00994)	(0.00789)	(0.00961)	(0.0110)	(0.00973)	(0.0122)
Years of over-education	0.0132**	0.0125*	0.00893	0.0442***	0.0386***	0.0387***
	(0.00628)	(0.00726)	(0.00794)	(0.00893)	(0.00811)	(0.00883)
Years of undereducation	−0.0324***	−0.0405***	−0.0411***	−0.0111	−0.00451	−0.00138
	(0.0113)	(0.0122)	(0.0133)	(0.0105)	(0.0108)	(0.0113)
Age	0.0255**	0.0367***	0.0136	0.0547***	0.0563***	0.0586***
	(0.0104)	(0.0103)	(0.0116)	(0.0150)	(0.0107)	(0.0116)
Age square	−0.000312**	−0.000417***	−0.000156	−0.000712***	−0.000718***	−0.000763***
	(0.000130)	(0.000124)	(0.000140)	(0.000204)	(0.000137)	(0.000148)
Visible minority	−0.162***	−0.158***	−0.146***	0.0548	0.0722*	0.0845**
	(0.0338)	(0.0367)	(0.0374)	(0.0369)	(0.0406)	(0.0422)
English/French is mother tongue	0.165***	0.182***	0.164***	0.168**	0.153***	0.179***
	(0.0393)	(0.0482)	(0.0500)	(0.0665)	(0.0546)	(0.0587)
Full time foreign experience	0.0121	−0.0474	0.0209	0.0449	0.0412	0.0549
	(0.0412)	(0.0526)	(0.0549)	(0.0359)	(0.0391)	(0.0407)
Foreign experience is recognized	0.300***	0.312***	0.298***	0.224***	0.240***	0.235***
	(0.0297)	(0.0339)	(0.0354)	(0.0382)	(0.0419)	(0.0459)
Married	0.0432	0.0284	0.0737	−0.0103	−0.0137	−0.0147
	(0.0422)	(0.0433)	(0.0449)	(0.0423)	(0.0432)	(0.0461)
Part time	−1.032***	−1.048***	−1.034***	−0.935***	−0.923***	−0.958***
	(0.0461)	(0.0311)	(0.0494)	(0.0381)	(0.0289)	(0.0408)
Experience in Canada	0.00414***	0.00382***	0.00575***	0.00333***	0.00338***	0.00340***
	(0.000286)	(0.000249)	(0.000707)	(0.000403)	(0.000330)	(0.000690)
Education and recreational	−0.0151	−0.0716	−0.0652	−0.0922	−0.123*	−0.132**
	(0.0903)	(0.0799)	(0.0824)	(0.0570)	(0.0630)	(0.0668)
Fine art	0.173	0.100	0.181	−0.134	−0.172	−0.220*
	(0.280)	(0.145)	(0.146)	(0.143)	(0.114)	(0.116)
Humanities	−0.0448	−0.0378	−0.00787	−0.0880	−0.0631	−0.0204
	(0.0889)	(0.0993)	(0.101)	(0.0654)	(0.0640)	(0.0677)
Social sciences	0.00380	−0.0120	0.000376	−0.0942	−0.0962	−0.102
	(0.0604)	(0.0668)	(0.0686)	(0.0576)	(0.0661)	(0.0695)
Commerce	−0.00254	−0.00422	0.00741	0.0114	0.00494	0.00494
	(0.0368)	(0.0504)	(0.0517)	(0.0465)	(0.0504)	(0.0532)
Agriculture	−0.147	−0.107	−0.0569	−0.107	−0.0739	−0.00632
	(0.0936)	(0.114)	(0.117)	(0.107)	(0.105)	(0.109)
Engineering	0.0307	0.000151	0.00856	0.00240	0.0108	0.0209
	(0.0356)	(0.0468)	(0.0481)	(0.0605)	(0.0638)	(0.0673)
Health	0.0341	0.0779	0.0478	−0.0559	−0.0879	−0.114
	(0.110)	(0.114)	(0.116)	(0.0652)	(0.0844)	(0.0896)
Mathematics	0.199***	0.184***	0.199***	0.178*	0.158*	0.137
	(0.0617)	(0.0651)	(0.0667)	(0.100)	(0.0917)	(0.0972)
Family class	−0.120	−0.145**	−0.180***	0.134**	0.112	0.0822
	(0.0871)	(0.0699)	(0.0698)	(0.0582)	(0.0778)	(0.0801)
Skilled workers	−0.0555	−0.0817	−0.103	0.0761	0.0714	0.0579
	(0.0833)	(0.0677)	(0.0671)	(0.0566)	(0.0762)	(0.0781)
Provincial nominees	−0.240**	−0.291*	−0.330**	0.202	0.0780	0.0156
	(0.122)	(0.156)	(0.163)	(0.128)	(0.184)	(0.193)
Refuges	−0.140	−0.227***	−0.248***	0.0386	0.0210	0.0187
	(0.0957)	(0.0791)	(0.0780)	(0.0800)	(0.0893)	(0.0899)
Quebec	0.0334	0.0409	0.0438	−0.0757	−0.0495	−0.0549
	(0.0385)	(0.0455)	(0.0480)	(0.0499)	(0.0499)	(0.0532)
Ontario	−0.00124	−0.00943	−0.00553	−0.0803**	−0.0727*	−0.105**
	(0.0300)	(0.0358)	(0.0381)	(0.0401)	(0.0394)	(0.0423)
Western	0.0335	0.0399	0.00106	−0.0800	−0.0804	−0.0926*
	(0.0418)	(0.0464)	(0.0495)	(0.0506)	(0.0510)	(0.0543)
Atlantic	0.337*	0.277**	0.214	−0.00117	−0.0723	−0.0772
	(0.174)	(0.124)	(0.154)	(0.0739)	(0.151)	(0.168)
Constant	4.316***	4.248***	4.248***	3.148***	3.166***	3.254***
	(0.223)	(0.199)	(0.226)	(0.260)	(0.223)	(0.255)
Observations	112008	5192	5192	89115	4146	4146
𝑅-squared	0.394		0.419	0.349		0.389
Number of id		2224	2224		1944	1944

Standard errors are in parentheses. ***𝑃<0.01, **𝑃<0.05, *𝑃<0.1.