Sustaining Cavity-Using Species: Patterns of Cavity Use and Implications to Forest Management

Figure 1

Proportions of strong primary excavators (black), weak primary excavators (gray), and secondary cavity users (white) among vertebrates using cavity sites in three biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia: Coastal Western Hemlock, Ponderosa Pine, and Sitka Willow Birch (𝑛 = number of cavity−using species). Biogeoclimatic zones are described by [5].