Adverse Health Effects Associated with Increased Activity at Kīlauea Volcano: A Repeated Population-Based Survey

Table 1

Demographic and health characteristics of the study groups.

Participant characteristics	Unexposed (n = 110)	Vog exposed (n = 110)	P value
Age, years 𝑥 (SD)	59.0 (19.5)	56.4 (17.3)	0.31
Body-mass index, 𝑥 (SD)	26.0 (6.0)	27.4 (5.4)	0.48
≥25 n (%)	66 (60)	72 (65)
Gender n (%)			0.34
Female	66 (60)	59 (54)
Male	44 (40)	51 (46)
Ethnicity n (%)			0.03
Filipino	38 (35)	35 (32)
White	30 (27)	37 (34)
Hawaiian	11 (10)	23 (21)
Japanese	20 (18)	7 (6)
Others	11 (10)	8 (7)
Residency, years 𝑥 (SD)	39.4 (24.1)	32.0 (21.1)	0.02
Lifetime residency n (%)	(45)	(35)	0.11
Employment n (%)			0.35
Working	40 (36)	45 (42)
Unemployed	11 (10)	20 (15)
Retired	53 (48)	37 (36)
Disabled	6 (5)	8 (7)
Education, years 𝑥 (SD)	12.62 (2.7)	12.65 (2.4)	0.93
Occupational exposures n (%)
Sugarcane	28 (26)	20 (19)	0.22
Macadamia Nuts	16 (15)	28 (26)	0.05
Dust	53 (49)	60 (56)	0.27
Age of home, years 𝑥 (SD)	41.8 (20.2)	40.7 (24.8)	0.72
Plantation-style house n (%)	32 (29)	34 (31)	0.77
Health insurance n (%)	103 (94)	95 (90)	0.06
Smoking status n (%)			0.64
Never	53 (49)	48 (44)
Former	40 (36)	40 (36)
Current	17 (16)	22 (20)
Medication usage n (%)
Respiratory	15 (14)	10 (9)	0.30
Antihypertensive	48 (44)	49 (45)	0.84
Subjective view of health n (%)			0.35
“Excellent”	10 (9)	12 (11)
“Very good”	37 (34)	32 (29)
“Average”	56 (51)	50 (46)
“Worse than average”	5 (4)	11 (10)
“Very poor”	2 (2)	5 (4)
Interviews English/Tagalog n	103/7	103/7	1.0

Note. All participants were ≥20 years with a minimum of 7 years residency in the study areas.