Synergistic Effects of Nonthermal Plasma and Disinfecting Agents against Dental Biofilms In Vitro

Table 1

Logarithm of CFU/mL of S. mutans, saliva, and subgingival biofilms after treatment with different procedures (control compared with Ar gas or Ar plasma) and different agents (first agent then plasma).

Agent	S. mutans			Saliva			Plaque
	Control	Ar gas	Ar plasma	Control	Ar gas	Ar plasma	Control	Ar gas	Ar plasma
NaCl control	6.91±0.53; 𝑁=16	6.56±0.70; 𝑁=8; RF = 0.35	4.80±0.45^∗∗,#; 𝑁=15; RF = 2.11	7.39±0.30; 𝑁=32	6.98±0.56; 𝑁=16; RF = 0.41	5.91±0.49^∗∗,#; 𝑁=38; RF = 1.48	7.33±0.29; 𝑁=21	6.00±0.49^∗∗; 𝑁=14; RF = 1.33	5.17±0.20^∗∗,#; 𝑁=14; RF = 2.16
CHX	5.13±0.15^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.78	4.95±0.09^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.96	4.96±0.14; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.95	7.11±0.36; 𝑁=24; RF = 0.28	6.01±0.70^∗,∗∗; 𝑁=16; RF = 1.38	5.69±0.65^∗∗; 𝑁=23; RF = 1.70	6.59±0.42^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 0.74	5.49±0.12^∗∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.84	5.34±0.05^∗∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.99
OCT	5.07±0.16^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.84	5.01±0.36^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.90	5.06±0.12; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.85	6.60±0.58^∗; 𝑁=22; RF = 0.79	5.61±0.57^∗,∗∗; 𝑁=13; RF = 1.78	4.60±0.64^∗,∗∗,#; 𝑁=30; RF = 2.79	5.80±0.33^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.53	4.68±1.53^∗,∗∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.65	5.34±0.05; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.99
PHMB	4.39±0.22^∗; 𝐍=𝟕; RF = 2.52	3.52±0.66^∗; 𝑁=6; RF = 3.39	3.55±0.24^∗,∗∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 3.36	6.52±0.54^∗; 𝑁=16; RF = 0.87	6.26±0.95; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.13	5.83±0.48^∗∗; 𝑁=23; RF = 1.56	6.37±0.67^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 0.96	5.47±0.26; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.86	5.26±0.11; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.07
NaOCl	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟕; RF = 6.91	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟕; RF = 6.91	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟖; RF = 6.91	5.00±0.11^∗; 𝑁=6; RF = 2.39	4.51±0.60^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.88	𝟒.𝟑𝟑±𝟎.𝟑𝟏^∗; 𝐍=𝟖; RF = 3.06	5.57±0.06^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.76	5.59±0.06; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.74	5.69±0.03; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.64
H2O2	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟖; RF = 6.91	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟕; RF = 6.91	𝟎±𝟎^∗; 𝐍=𝟖; RF = 6.91	5.90±0.29^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 1.49	5.56±0.54^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.83	4.98±1.51; 𝑁=8; RF = 2.41	5.45±0.06^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.88	5.49±0.08; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.84	𝟒.𝟒𝟏±𝟎.𝟖𝟔^#; 𝐍=𝟕; RF = 2.92
EDTA	5.79±0.22^∗; 𝑁=9; RF = 1.12	5.64±0.32; 𝑁=9; RF = 1.27	4.13±0.32^∗,∗∗,#; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.78	6.76±0.11^∗; 𝑁=8; RF = 0.63	6.67±0.20; 𝑁=8; RF = 0.72	4.58±0.62^∗,∗∗,#; 𝑁=8; RF = 2.81	5.60±0.30^∗; 𝑁=7; RF = 1.73	5.31±0.10; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.02	5.25±0.18; 𝑁=7; RF = 2.08

Data are presented as mean lg (CFU/mL + 1) ± standard deviation. Ar: argon; CHX: 0.1% chlorhexidine; OCT: 0.1% octenidine; PHMB: 0.1% polyhexanide; NaOCl: 0.6% sodium hypochlorite; H₂O₂: 1.5% hydrogen peroxide; EDTA: 20% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
Entries with the lowest CFUs/mL were boldface font.
^∗𝑃<0.05 versus NaCl control (within columns); **𝑃<0.05 versus control procedure (within rows); ^#𝑃<0.05 Ar plasma versus Ar gas (within rows), two-sided Mann-Whitney U tests, and reduction in respective CFUs/mL. P values were Bonferroni corrected.