Epidemiology and Prognosis of Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors of survival in HCC patients.

Prognostic factor	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	𝑃	Hazard ratio	95% CI*	𝑃	Hazard ratio	95% CI*
AFP ≥ 12,000 𝜇g/L	<0.001	1.715	1.391–2.114	0.038	1.296	1.015–1.655
Bilobar involvement	<0.001	1.651	1.356–2.010	0.019	1.414	1.059–1.886
Multicentric tumor	0.009	1.328	1.073–1.643	0.034	1.456	1.029–2.061
Portal vein involvement	<0.001	2.129	1.711–2.649	0.002	1.507	1.159–1.960
Distant metastases	<0.001	1.628	1.278–2.074	NS	1.222	0.921–1.620
TNM stage (I&II/III&IV)	<0.001	1.964	1.508–2.558	0.047	1.546	1.006–2.377
Child Pugh Grade
A	<0.001	1	—	<0.001	1	—
B	<0.001	1.932	1.561–2.390	<0.001	1.766	1.393–2.239
C	<0.001	2.509	1.867–3.372	0.004	1.665	1.177–2.354
Any paraneoplastic syndrome	0.025	0.782	0.630–0.970	NS	0.968	0.757–1.239
Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia	0.012	1.762	1.134–2.738	NS	1.013	0.621–1.653
Paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia	0.013	1.335	1.062–1.677	NS	1.043	0.804–1.354
Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis	NS	—	—	—	—	—

∗95% CI: 95% confidence interval, NS: not statistically significant (𝑃>0.05).