Examination of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Xenobiotic-Inducing Potential of Broccoli Extract and Various Essential Oils during a Mild DSS-Induced Colitis in Rats

Table 5

Effects of feeding broccoli extract and various essential oils on relative mRNA expression of various pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters in the colon of DSS-treated rats compared to an untreated control.

Gene	Period	Experimental group compared
		with untreated control rats
		DSS	BE	Cuo	To	Ro
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
NF𝜅B	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↑	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
TNF𝛼	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↑	↔
	Phase 3	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
COX2	Phase 2	↑↑↑	↔	↔	↑	↔
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
IL-1𝛽	Phase 2	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 3	↑↑	↔	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
IL-10	Phase 2	↔	↔	↑	↑↑↑	↑↑
	Phase 3	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↔
MCP-1	Phase 2	↔	↑	↑	↑	↑
	Phase 3	↑	↑	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↓ ↓	↓ ↓	↓ ↓
VCAM-1	Phase 2	(↑)	(↓)	(↓)	(↓)	(↓)
	Phase 3	↑↑	↑	↔	↔	↔
	Phase 1	—	↔	↔	↔	↑
Cldn3	Phase 2	↔	↓ ↓	↔	↓ ↓	↓ ↓
	Phase 3	↔	↔	↔	↑	↔

Different arrows summarize the effects on gene expression: ↔ no effect, ↑: increase, ↓: decrease, ( ): significant results compared to group DSS, and n.d.: not detectable. Means ± SEM and the results of statistical analysis are presented in the appendix.