Research Article
Qualitative and Quantitative Control of Honeys Using NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
Table 1
The most important variables (buckets) for the differentiation of different botanical origins of honey (chemical shifts are given in ppm).
| | Botanical origin of honey |
1H NMR |
13C NMR |
| | Honeydew/floral | 1.17–1.20
3.26
3.90–4.12
3.43–3.50
3.57–3.68 | 101.49
95.85
69.19–76.11
82.01 |
| | Coniferous | 3.84–3.87
3.61–3.67
3.76–3.77
4.05–4.07
4.20–4.22
5.24 | 62.84
69.44–69.53
71.49–71.47 |
| | Rape | 4.64–4.66
3.40–3.46
3.36–3.38
4.05–4.07 | 75.81–75.88
74.22
69.64–69.74
95.92 | | Clover and rape | 7.65–7.95
5.89
5.59 | | Sunflower | 3.25–3.27 |
| | Robinia pseudoacacia | 3.69
3.75
3.43–3.44 | 69.24–69.75
63.96–63.97
60.81
67.64
75.89 | | Tilia | 1.38–1.41
1.58–1.60
2.34–2.35
6.10–6.20
7.65–7.66
7.21–7.28 |
| | Chestnut | 4.32–4.34
5.09
7.68–7.71
7.45–7.49 | 71.45–71.49
60.58 |
| | Mountain honey | 3.88–3.91 | 95.90
60.79–60.80
69.68 |
| | Orange tree | 8.13
3.88–3.91 | 62.75
98.08
75.49 |
| | Fruit tree flowers | 3.44–3.45 | —a |
|
|
aNo distinct cluster was obtained for fruit tree flowers with 13C NMR spectra.
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