Adaptive Estimation of Biological Rhythm in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism with Critical Manifold

Figure 1

Block diagram of the CAM model showing as dynamic variables (encircled) the three reactant pools, 𝑤,  𝑥,  𝑦, and a variable characterizing the order of the lipid molecules in the tonoplast, 𝑧 (circled), within a CAM cell. They are connected by flows 𝑢₁, 𝑢₂, and 𝑢₃ (solid arrows). Regulatory feedback loops are indicated as dashed lines. The model depends on three external control parameters: temperature, 𝑇, light intensity, 𝐿, and external CO₂ concentration, 𝐶_ext (dotted arrows) [3].