The Impact of Competition, Subsidies, and Taxes on Production and Construction Cost: The Case of the Swedish Housing Construction Market

Table 4

Unit root test with ADF, LLC, and IPS (𝑃 values).

	ADF	LLS	IPS	Integrated of order
Prodc	0.234	0.025	0.012	0
Conc	0.139	0.001	0.000	0
Sub	0.996	—	—	1
VAT	0.607	—	—	1
Stock	1.000	1.000	1.000	1
Change stock	0.018	0.000	0.000	0
T rate	0.224	—	—	1
Lerner	0.940	—	—	0
Inccap	0.481	0.001	0.06	0

All variables have been transformed to natural logarithm form. Lag is equal to one. ADF has been estimated in one region (Stockholm).