The Human Frontal Lobes and Frontal Network Systems: An Evolutionary, Clinical, and Treatment Perspective

Table 4

The more common clinical disorders presenting with neurological and/or psychiatric FNS.

(I) Neurological
(a) Neurodegenerative
Frontotemporal disorders (FTLD)
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Cognitive vascular disorders (CVD)
Frontal variant of AD
Corticobasal-ganglionic disorders (CBD)
(b) Cerebrovascular and cognitive vascular disorders
Bland infarcts
Strategic infarct
Subcortical infarct
Watershed infarct
Frontal, sometimes bilateral as with common origin of both anterior cerebral arteries off the anterior communicating artery
Leukoaraiosis
Brainstem infarct
Cerebellar infarct
Strategic infarct such as caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and thalamus
Frontal lobe amyloid angiopathy
Hemorrhage
Amyloid angiopathy
Microhemorrhage
Subcortical hypertensive related
(c) Tumors
Frontal lobe meningioma (Foster Kennedy syndrome)
(d) Traumatic brain injury
Diffuse axonal injury
Chronic subacute encephalopathy
(e) Multiple sclerosis
(f) Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
(g) Frontal lobe epilepsies
(h) Normal pressure hydrocephalus
(i) Neurotoxicology—alcohol
(II) Psychiatric
Schizophrenia
Mania and hypomania
Depression
Anxiety
Obsessive compulsive
Tourette’s
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Autism
William’s syndrome
Pervasive developmental disorders