Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of Paracetamol (PCT) and protriptyline HCl (PTP) in pure forms and in pharmaceutical formulations. The experiment involves the use of 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one as a novel chromogenic reagent for the determination of PCT and PTP. The method is based on the formation of charge transfer complex between the drugs and chromogenic reagent. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 10.00–60.00 µg mL−1 for PCT at 545 nm and 40.00–160.00 µg mL−1 for PTP at 468 nm. The molar absorptivity, Sandell, sensitivity, and limit of detection and quantification are also calculated. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of both PCT and PTP in pharmaceutical samples with acceptable results.
1. Introduction
Paracetamol (PCT), N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide is one of the most commonly used home medicine to reduce pain and fever [1] (Figure 1). These actions are known, respectively, as analgesic and antipyretic [2]. PCT is also used to treat headache, muscle ache, arthritis, backache, toothache, cold, and fever. An overdose of PCT may cause some toxic effects such as fulminating hepatic necrosis, which causes about 450 deaths in the USA every year [3]. Thus, the development of simple methods for the determination of PCT is obviously significant in pharmaceuticals.
Protriptyline HCl (PTP) is one of the tricyclic antidepressant [4], chemically known as N-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cycloheptene-5-propanamine hydrochloride (Figure 2). It works by blocking the transporters responsible for reuptake of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin [5]. This medication is primarily used to treat the anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder [6]. They are also known as effective analgesic used for the treatment of chronic pain especially neuropathic or neuralgic pain [7].
A number of methods are available in the literature for the determination of PCT, such as high-performance liquid chromatography [8–10], Chemiluminescence [11], Fluorescence [12], pulse perturbation technique [13], Spectrofluorimetric [14], and several others. A very few methods are reported in the literature for the determination of PTP in pharmaceutical formulations which include high performance liquid chromatography [15–17], Liquid chromatography [18], and flow injection technique [19].
Above mentioned techniques are not widely used in the basic clinical laboratories, because they require more expensive equipments and complicated sample preparation. All the reported methods require expensive reagents and are time consuming. Literature search has revealed that only a few visible spectrophotometric methods [20–23] are available for the determination of PCT and PTP in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. UV-VIS spectrophotometry is a simple analytical method for quantitative analysis which provides practical and significant economic advantages over other methods. Therefore, they are of frequent choice for pharmaceutical analyses. Thus, there is a lot of scope for development of simple and suitable analytical spectrophotometric method for the determination of drugs in pure and pharmaceutical formulations.
In the present work we report 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin as a novel reagent for spectrophotometric determination of PCT and PTP in pure and pharmaceutical formulations (Tablets). The main advantage of the developed method is being simple and sensitive and involving rapid reaction of PCT and PTP with 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Apparatus
A UV-Visible spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU, UV 2550) with 1 cm quartz cells was used for the absorbance measurements.
2.2. Reagents
All solutions were prepared with double distilled water. Chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. Solution of 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (4.7483 × 10−4) was prepared by dissolving 500 mg in 100 mL ethanol and NaOH (2 M) was prepared by dissolving 8 g in 100 mL of water. An accurately weighed amount of pure PCT and PTP was dissolved in ethanol and diluted stepwise to get working concentration.
2.3. Analytical Method
Aliquots of PCT (10.00–60 μg mL−1), and PTP (40.00–160 μg mL−1) were transferred into a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks. To each flask, 0.5 mL of reagent and 0.5 mL of NaOH were added and heated at 40°C for 10 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Afterwards reaction mixture was diluted to 10 mL by using ethanol. Obtained violet colored adduct of PCT and brown colored adduct of PTP were measured at 545 and 468 nm, respectively, against the reagent blank.
2.4. Preparation of Pharmaceutical Formulation
Commercial tablets of PCT (Paracetamol 500 mg) and PTP (Vivactil 10 mg) were analyzed by the proposed method. Both the tablets were crushed separately in a mortar and dissolved in ethanol; the solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper no. 41 and diluted quantitatively with ethanol to obtain a suitable concentration for the analysis. A convenient aliquot was then subjected to the analysis by using proposed method.
3. Results and Discussion
In order to establish the experimental conditions, the effect of reagent concentrations and temperature and the evaluation of the time required to complete the reaction with respect to maximum sensitivity have been studied. 0.5 mL of reagent and 0.5 mL of NaOH were found to be optimum for maximum absorbance for both the drugs. It was also found that the absorbance reaches its maximum after heating for 10 minutes at 40°C. Characterization of the reaction was carried out by the evaluation of reaction stoichiometry. The reaction proceeds with the formation of highly stable violet colored adduct for PCT and brown colored adduct for PTP (Scheme 1). The absorption spectrum of the colored products is shown in Figure 3.
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3.1. Stoichiometry of the Reaction Product
Job’s method of continuous variation is an effective approach to study the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction [24]. In this method, the total molar concentration of the two species (i.e., drug and reagent) is held constant, but their mole fractions are varied. As shown in Figure 4, the molar ratio which gave maximum absorbance is found to be 1 : 1 (drug : reagent). In view of this result a reaction mechanism is proposed considering the transfer of free electron of the (oxygen atom present in one molecule of PCT and nitrogen atom present in one molecule of PTP) drugs to the charge-deficient center of reagent molecule.
3.2. Method Validation
3.2.1. Spectral Characteristics and Sensitivity
The absorption spectra of the violet colored product with of 545 nm and brown colored product with of 468 nm were used in the studies of PCT and PTP, respectively. The reagent blank practically showed negligible wavelength (Figure 3). Under the experimental conditions, absorbance is linearly proportional to concentration over the range of 10.00–60.00 μg mL−1 for PCT (Figure 5) and 40.00–160.00 μg mL−1 for PTP (Figure 6). Slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient are obtained by the method of least squares which is described by the equation: (where = absorbance, = intercept, = slope and = concentration in μg mL−1). Regression analysis results are summarized in Table 1.
The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) are calculated as per the ICH guidelines [25] from the expression LOD = 3.3σ/S and LOD = 10σ/S (σ = standard deviation of the residuals, S = slope of calibration curve). The calculated values are given in Table 2.
3.2.2. Accuracy and Precision
In order to determine the accuracy and precision, recovery studies are carried out by standard addition technique at three different concentrations (10, 20, and 30 μg mL−1 for PCT and 40, 60, and 80 μg mL−1 for PTP). Accuracy is calculated as the percentage recoveries of the drugs in their pure form. Precision of the methods is assessed as RSD % at different levels. Obtained results are found to be less than 3% and are acceptable. Results are given in Table 2.
3.2.3. Interference Study
The specificity of the method is indicted by the interference study. It is found that presence of some common excipients (starch, lactose, citric acid, and sodium carbonate) will not cause any analytical problem, thus proposed method can be successfully applied for the determination of PCT and PTP in various pharmaceutical formulations.
4. Analytical Application
The developed methodology is very adequate for the determination of PCT and PTP in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulation (Paracetamol 500 mg and Vivactil 10 mg). Moreover, the proposed procedure is very economical when compared to other methods. The performance of proposed method is assessed by calculation of Student’s -test at 95% confidence limits for four degrees of freedom and also by the recovery studies. The results given in Table 3 reveal that the calculated values for both the drugs are less than theoretical values and are equally accurate.
5. Conclusions
The proposed spectrophotometric method is simple, sensitive, and easily applicable for the determination of PCT and PTP. Developed method require the minimum chemicals, is easy to perform, and does not contain any intermissive experimental variables, which affect the reliability of the results. These characteristics make the proposed method very suitable for the analysis of PCT and PTP in quality control laboratories.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to CAD Pharma Inc., Bangalore, India, for providing the drug sample. Badiadka Narayana thanks UGC for financial assistance through BSR one-time grant for the purchase of chemicals. Kumble Divya thanks DST-PURSE Project for financial support.