Explaining Protectionism Support: The Role of Economic Factors
Table 3
Protectionism opinion—oprobit models with country dummies.
3.1—personal attributes
3.2—model 3.1 plus GDP per capita
3.3—model 3.1 plus inflation
3.4—model 3.1 plus change in unemployment rate
3.5—model 3.1 plus country risk
3.6—model 3.2 considering income level
3.7—model 3.3 considering income level
3.8—model 3.4 considering income level
3.9—model 3.5 considering income level
Probability
55.44%
55.44%
55.04%
55.44%
55.44%
55.44%
55.44%
55.04%
55.44%
Female
0.069***
0.069***
0.069***
0.069***
0.082***
0.069***
0.069***
0.069***
0.082***
(0.009)
(0.010)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.011)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.011)
Age
−0.002
−0.002
−0.003*
−0.002
−0.004*
−0.002
−0.002
−0.003*
−0.004**
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
Age2
0.000*
0.000*
0.000**
0.000*
0.000**
0.000*
0.000*
0.000**
0.000***
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
EDUYRS
−0.019***
−0.019***
−0.020***
−0.019***
−0.020***
−0.019***
−0.019***
−0.020***
−0.020***
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
(0.002)
Upper class
−0.023**
−0.023**
−0.022***
−0.023**
−0.028**
−0.023**
−0.023**
−0.022**
−0.028***
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
LINCOME
−0.046***
−0.046***
−0.044***
−0.046***
−0.015
−0.046***
−0.046***
−0.044***
−0.015
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.015)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.015)
Attend religion
0.053***
0.053***
0.054***
0.053***
0.063***
0.053***
0.053***
0.054***
0.064***
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.013)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.013)
Chauvinism
0.087***
0.086***
0.087***
0.087***
0.096***
0.087***
0.087***
0.087***
0.096***
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
Pride
0.145***
0.145***
0.145***
0.145***
0.145***
0.145***
0.145***
0.144***
0.145***
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.011)
LGNIPC
0.129**
(0.059)
CPI (change)
0.311***
(0.015)
Unemployment rate (change)
0.340**
(0.157)
Risk
0.051
(0.055)
LGNIPC high
0.129**
(0.059)
LGNIPC middle
0.160**
(0.076)
Unemployment rate (change) high
0.340**
(0.157)
Unemployment rate (change) middle
0.270**
(0.107)
CPI (change) high
0.980***
(0.109)
CPI (change) middle
0.168***
(0.027)
Risk high
0.051
(0.055)
Risk middle
0.089**
(0.045)
Observations
23159
23159
23159
23159
23159
23159
23159
23159
23159
Pseudo -squared
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
Significant at 10%; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%. Source: see Table 2. Robust standard errors in brackets. All models include dummy variables per country of residence.