Research Article

Explaining Protectionism Support: The Role of Economic Factors

Table 3

Protectionism opinion—oprobit models with country dummies.

3.1—personal attributes3.2—model 3.1 plus GDP per capita3.3—model 3.1 plus inflation3.4—model 3.1 plus change in unemployment rate3.5—model 3.1 plus country risk3.6—model 3.2 considering income level3.7—model 3.3 considering income level3.8—model 3.4 considering income level3.9—model 3.5 considering income level

Probability 55.44%55.44%55.04%55.44%55.44% 55.44%55.44%55.04%55.44%
Female0.069***0.069***0.069***0.069***0.082***0.069***0.069***0.069***0.082***
(0.009)(0.010)(0.009)(0.009)(0.011)(0.009)(0.009)(0.009)(0.011)
Age−0.002−0.002−0.003*−0.002−0.004*−0.002−0.002−0.003*−0.004**
(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)
Age20.000*0.000*0.000**0.000*0.000**0.000*0.000*0.000**0.000***
(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)(0.000)
EDUYRS−0.019***−0.019***−0.020***−0.019***−0.020***−0.019***−0.019***−0.020***−0.020***
(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)(0.002)
Upper class−0.023**−0.023**−0.022***−0.023**−0.028**−0.023**−0.023**−0.022**−0.028***
(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)
LINCOME−0.046***−0.046***−0.044***−0.046***−0.015−0.046***−0.046***−0.044***−0.015
(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.015)(0.010)(0.010)(0.010)(0.015)
Attend religion0.053***0.053***0.054***0.053***0.063***0.053***0.053***0.054***0.064***
(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.013)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.013)
Chauvinism0.087***0.086***0.087***0.087***0.096***0.087***0.087***0.087***0.096***
(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)
Pride0.145***0.145***0.145***0.145***0.145***0.145***0.145***0.144***0.145***
(0.011)(0.011)(0.012)(0.012)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.011)
LGNIPC0.129**
(0.059)
CPI (change)0.311***
(0.015)
Unemployment rate (change)0.340**
(0.157)
Risk0.051
(0.055)
LGNIPC high0.129**
(0.059)
LGNIPC middle0.160**
(0.076)
Unemployment rate (change) high0.340**
(0.157)
Unemployment rate (change) middle0.270**
(0.107)
CPI (change) high0.980***
(0.109)
CPI (change) middle0.168***
(0.027)
Risk high0.051
(0.055)
Risk middle0.089**
(0.045)
Observations231592315923159231592315923159231592315923159
Pseudo -squared0.080.080.080.080.070.080.080.080.08

Significant at 10%; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%. Source: see Table 2.
Robust standard errors in brackets.
All models include dummy variables per country of residence.