Increasing Prevalence, Changes in Diagnostic Criteria, and Nutritional Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Table 2

Diagnoses according to DSM-IV-TR and patient records, DSM-5 draft, and suggested modified DSM-5 draft*.

Diagnosis	DSM-IV-TR and patient records				DSM-5 draft^a		Suggested modification^b
	Prevalence/1,000	95% CI	𝑛 (%)		𝑛 (% of DSM-IV-TR)		𝑛 (% of DSM-IV-TR)
ASDs^c (all)	8.4	6.1–11.5	37 (100)
ASDs (≥70)^d,e	0.45	0.1–1.6	2 (5)
ASDs (≥50)^f			26	→	12 (46%)	→	25 (96%)
ASDs (≥70)^f,e	5.0	3.3–7.5	22 (60)	→	8 (36%)	→	21 (95%)
ASDs (50–69)^f	0.9	0.4–2.3	4 (11)	→	4 (100%)	→	4 (100%)
ASDs (35–49)^g	1.6	0.8–3.3	7 (19)
ASDs (20–34)^g	0.45	0.1–1.6	2 (5)
ASDs (<20)^g			0 (0)
Autism (all)	4.1	2.6–6.4	18 (48.5)
Autism (≥70)^f	2.5	1.4–4.4	11 (61)	→	8 (73%)	→	11 (100%)
Autism (50–69)^f	0.9	0.4–2.3	4 (22)	→	4 (100%)	→	4 (100%)
Autism (35–49)^g	0.7	0.2–2.0	3 (17)
Autism (20–34)^g			0 (0)
Autism (<20)^g			0 (0)
AS^f	2.5	1.4–4.4	11 (30)	→	0 (0%)	→	10 (91%)
The rest^d,g	1.8	0.9–3.6	8 (21.5)

aEvaluated in 82 participants (full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) ≥50).
^bMattila et al.’s modification of DSM-5 draft criteria [18].
^cIncluding autism, Asperger’s syndrome (AS), and “the rest.”
^dAccording to parents’ developmental questionnaire and patient records (one with AS and one with AS traits).
^eOf all autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), 65% high-functioning.
^fBased on screening and examinations in the epidemiological study.
^gDrawn from patient records (three with autism, five with autistic traits, and one with pervasive developmental disorder).
*Adapted from Mattila et al., 2011 [18].