Intravesical Liposome and Antisense Treatment for Detrusor Overactivity and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Figure 5

Signalling cascades induced by NGF overexpression following exposure to acetic acid. Injury from exposure to acetic sets off the signalling cascades that upregulate the expression of NGF, MCP-1, prostaglandins, CXCL-1, and CXCL-10. Overexpression of NGF drives the expression of VEGF from neurons and leptin from adipocytes covering neurons. NGF and MCP-1 also induce hyperexcitability in neurons by activating TRPV1 receptor. MCP-1, CXCL-1, and CXCL-10 cause chemoattraction of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, which requires extravasation across endothelium from blood through the cooperation of adhesion molecules E-selectin and ICAM-1.