Evaluation of Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory Activities, and Safety of Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Gongronema latifolium Fruit

Table 1

Phytochemical analysis and yield of G.  latifolium ethanol fruit extract and fractions.

Phytocompounds	Ethanol extract	n-Hexane fraction	Chloroform fraction	Ethyl acetate fraction	Methanol fraction
Alkaloids	+++	++	++	−
Saponins	+++	−	−	−	+++
Flavonoids	++++	−	−	+++	+++
Glycosides	+++	−	−	−	+++
Terpenoids	+++	−	++	−	−
Steroids	++++	+++	++	−	−
Fats and oil	++	++	−	−	−
Carbohydrate	++	−	−	−	++
Proteins	+++	−	−	++	+++
Resins	+++	+++	++	−	−
Tannins	++	−	−	−	++
Yield (%)	28.6^a	4.2^b	22.5^b	26.3^b	43.8^b

−, not present; +, present in small concentration; ++, present in moderately high concentration; +++, present in high concentration; ++++, abundantly present.
^aCalculated from 1000 g powdered fruit; ^bCalculated from 116 g extract.