Industrial Fungal Enzymes: An Occupational Allergen Perspective

Table 1

Fungal enzymes utilized in different industries and associations with occupational sensitization.

Industry	Fungal Enzyme
	Characterized occupational allergen	Uncharacterized occupational allergen
Agriculture	Protease, lipase
Animal feed	α-amylase, cellulase, lipase, phytase, protease, and xylanase	Beta-glucanase*, endo-xylanase
Pulp and paper production	Cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, and xylanase	Esterase*, laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, pectinase*, and mannose
Waste management	Lipase	Esterase*, cytochrome P450, laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and monooxygenase
Biotechnology	α-amylase, cellulase, glucoamylase, hemicellulase, and protease	Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, glucose oxidase, glutathione-transferase*, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase,
Detergent	α-amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease
Food processing	α-amylase, cellulase, glucoamylase, lactase, lipase, protease, and xylanase	Glucose isomerase, invertase, and pectinase*
Biofuels	α-amylase, cellulase, glucoamylase, protease, and xylanase
Bakery	α-amylase, cellulase, glucoamylase, hemicellulase, lipase, protease, and xylanase	Glucose oxidase, lipoxygenase
Brewing and wine production	Cellulase, glucosidase, protease, and xylanase	Alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, beta-glucanase*, and pectinase*
Pharmaceutical	Lactase, lipase, and protease	Alpha-galactosidase*, catalase*, cytochrome P450 oxygenase, and glutathione transferase*
Textile	α-amylase, cellulase, lipase, protease, and xylanase	Catalase*
Leather processing	Lipase, protease
Hygiene products	Glucoamylase, protease	Catalase, *glucose oxidase

Adapted from Baur [10] and from the Concordia University Genomics Project website: https://fungalgenomics.concordia.ca/home/indappl.php.
*Denotes fungal enzymes associated with allergic sensitization in other fungal bioaerosols or environmental allergens.